Research Critique - Dapagliflozin Trials Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critique - Dapagliflozin Trials - Research Paper Example This paper reviews various aspects of a medical trial study carried out in Japan. The critique evaluates issues of human protection, data collection, analyses and management as well as the final findings. The study by Boulton et al. (2011) highlights the comparative use of dapagliflozin on two treatment groups consisting of diabetics with type II diabetes (T2DM) and healthy subjects. The research paper was published in the fourth issue of the Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Journal in 2011. The main objective of the research was to investigate the tolerability and safety of dapagliflozin in the Japanese participants. Evaluated aspects included the pharmacodynamics (PD) and pharmacokinetics (PK) of the drug on both treatment groups. Protection of Human Participants The implicitly implied benefits of this research included the ability to determine the tolerability and safety of the drug for Japanese subjects, and thus offer a reliable, non-insulin dependent therapeutic option for T2DM management. This would be beneficial because it would save patients with T2DM from regular insulin injections and costs if it would be established as an efficient mono-therapy option or improving add-on to other diabetic therapies. The authors of the research recognized drug allergy as a potential risk and possible aggravation of cardiovascular and diabetic ketoacidocis. As such, precautionary measures were taken to exclude subjects with such conditions or a history of such conditions. In addition to the highlighted benefits, the researchers failed to note that dapagliflozin’s effectiveness does not depend on the dysfunction severity of beta cells. Unlike most other therapies, its effectiveness will not decrease with beta cell failure advancement or with higher severity of insulin resistance. This would be a major benefit in the T2DM therapy. Additionally, they also failed to identify other risks such as possible aggravation of polyuria, which may results from the diuretic e ffect of dapagliflozin. The research was conducted after acquisition of informed consent from subjects as stated within the material and methods section, and as such it is expected that all participants consented to participation after full information. The research process and procedures adhered to GCP (â€Å"Good Clinical Practice†), and â€Å"Japanese Pharmaceutical Affairs Law† both of which define standards of clinical pharmaceutical trials (Boulton et al. 2011). The adherence to these standards as asserted within the paper implies that indeed the participants must have voluntarily accepted participation in the study. This is because voluntary participation is one of the stipulations under these standards, and adherence confirms willing participation. As part of ensuring adherence the researchers also sought approval from the local ethics committee/ IRB (â€Å"Institutional Review Board†). From these facts it can be inferred that ethical, procedural adheren ce was upheld as required in any drug trial cases. Data Collection Data collection in the study was done through the bio-analytical

Exposing Workers to Plutonium Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exposing Workers to Plutonium - Case Study Example Workers who have occupations at a nuclear plant, which require that they be necessarily exposed to radiation like plutonium, are among workers who are at high risk in their health as well as their safety. A number of incidents have occurred stating plutonium spills exposing worker’s health to dangers. This substance was said to remain in vital organs of the body like lungs or may move to the bones, liver, or other body organs (ATSDR, 1). But generally, such substance stays in the body of affected person for decades and may evencontinue to expose the surrounding tissues to radiation (ATSDR, 1). As a result, a person may develop cancer in the lungs, bones, liver depending on how long it has remained in the person’s body. Despite laws and regulations on maintaining safe workplace and compensating employees for occupational illnes, the fact remains that there are incidents occurring that continually expose workers to danger in their safety and health. Hence, there is a need for greater protection to the health of workers, provide appropriate health care, address their other health concerns and have standards to prevent accidents or incidents in relation to exposure to such radiation (Silver, 3). Workplaces and establishments which expose workers to such radiation must therefore come up with standards to ensure safety of workers, provide protective devices, informing workers of adhering to such standards for their safety and other protective measures. This goes not only to government agencies but also business establishments engaged in nuclear radioactivity. In order to address this problem, there must be community based approaches as well as case studies of incidents regarding radiation to identify what other reforms as to occupational safety may be put in place not only to protect workers but the community as well.

Evaluation Of The Claim Rousseaus Social Contract Philosophy Essay

Evaluation Of The Claim Rousseaus Social Contract Philosophy Essay This essay will begin from the premise that, far from advocating a collectivist contract of society and sacrificing the individual to such state, Rousseaus Social Contract establishes protective measures for the individual through the conception of the general will. Firstly, an exploration of the content and main features of Rousseaus Social Contract will be undertaken, before a critical evaluation of its relation to the protection of the individual in society will be offered, principally through the notion of the general will. This essay will then reject opponents claims that this inevitably leads to individual freedom being sacrificed to the community, as will it reject the argument that Rousseaus contractarianism is either illiberal or totalitarian. It will conclude by defending the perception of Rousseaus Social Contract as an advocate an egalitarian liberal society. The will of the General Will The evaluation at hand presupposes that Rousseaus Social Contract champions collectivism, or communitarianism, and in doing so rejects liberalism which places at its heart the autonomy of the individual. The thesis of such an argument is that through various measures, society as a collective usurps the ability for an individual to maintain independence or free will in the social contract. Yet this examination disregards both the historical context of Rousseau and the underlying purpose of Rousseaus work, which was to provide an explanation of the conditions in which, man being individualist by nature and simultaneously wanting the protection and advantages of living in a civil society, both of these can be achieved without the need for a loss of liberty. Rejecting this collectivist position, which will be countered in greater depth later on in this essay, it is important to explore the content and main features of Rousseaus Social Contract, to remind us that a liberal political theory needs to concern itself not only with the identity of liberty, but also with identifying the conditions under which that liberty can be sustained (Hampsher-Monk 1995: 275). Thus, the Social Contracts central concern is to create a climate in which popular sovereignty is realisable, and Rousseaus lineage of work therein is logically concerned with strengthening the case for and to counter any potential challenges to it (V. Gourevitch 2003: xxiii). Popular sovereignty, for Rousseau, was the very basis for the protection of individuals: the Sovereign, being formed wholly of the individuals who compose it, neither has nor can have any interest contrary to theirs. (Social Contract I: 7.5) Inherent in Rousseaus conception of sovereignty is the general will, which governs the relations of all men, enforcing popular sovereignty and forming the foundation of Rousseaus theory: Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will, and, in our corporate capacity, we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole. (Social Contract I: 6.9) Simply put, the general will is the common good of all men, and yet this concept is precisely what provides protection of the individual, since Rousseaus conception is such that the individual and the collective are so entwined that they cannot be separated without returning to the state of nature. Yet, Rousseau does concede that particular (or private) wills of the individual do exist in so far that each individual, as a man, may have a particular will contrary or dissimilar to the general will which he has as a citizen (SC I: 7.7). This presents a quandary: natural liberty and particular wills are one and the same by definition, but the very purpose of the Social Contract, to find a form of association which will defend and protect with the whole common force the person and goods of each associate, and in which each, united himself all, may still obey himself alone, and remain as free as before (SC I: 6.4) proposes that a solution to reconcile the two must necessarily be presented. This is presented two-fold: firstly, Rousseau claims that the general will be naturally discoverable, by taking away the pluses and minuses of particular wills, which innately cancel each other out, leaving only the general will as the sum of the differences (SC 2: 3.2); secondly, for whoever refuses to obey the general will shall be compelled to do so by the whole body. This means nothing less than that he will be forced to be free; for this is the condition which, by giving each citizen to his country, secures him against all personal dependence. (SC I: 7.8) The latter account has frequently been the origin of the so-called totalitarian thesis, a popular assessment of Rousseau but which has been convincingly rejected by recent study and will be similarly critiqued later in this essay. Thus, Rousseau acknowledges, by virtue of admitting that particular wills do exist, that in the social compact, man does sacrifice his natural, absolute liberty. Yet, as will be argued, rather than sacrificing individual freedom altogether, the social compact offers something that cannot be attained in the state of nature civil liberty; ultimately, this is far more favourable, and a truer, more secure, representation of individual autonomy. Rousseau outlines that self-love (amour de soi), reason and freedom are all fundamental features of human nature, and we have a basic interest in ensuring protection of our person and the goods we need to survive and live well (Cohen 2010: 11). Similar to other social contract theorists such as Hobbes and Locke, Rousseaus state of nature, that is to say the natural state of things before the social contract is conceived, offers absolute liberty on one hand, but no protection for rights on the other. Protection of rights offered in civil society, including the protection of property, is non-existent in this state; the social contract is Rousseaus response to those calling for the reconciliation of liberty and the protection of rights without sacrificing liberty of the individual, and here Rousseau differs from his contemporaries in that he advocates a different conception of sovereignty. Liberty in the social contract is exchanged, but this is not to say it is sacrificed, as Rawls states: We gain the same rights over others as they gain over us, and this we have done by agreeing to an exchange of rights for reasons rooted in our fundamental interests, including the interest in our freedom. (Rawls 2008: 221) Thus, the general will, being the will the community, appears at first to be antithetical to the interests of individuals. It is an abstract theory, but nevertheless exudes clarity of purpose, even if Rousseau does not definitively express how the general will is found. As has been touched upon, society, being inescapable without returning man back to his origins as a primitive being, is such that the community and the individual are permanently coexisting and interdependent. The general will the will of the community is thus to Rousseau a reflection of the common good, since all rational persons have in their very nature a concern for their self-preservation and freedom; they would thus be harming themselves to will something for the community (in which they are inextricably linked) that is distinctly separate from their own particular will. Consequently, the common good reflects an equal concern with the well-being of each person, and as a result an equal concern for individual a utonomy, since all people share the very same conception of the common good (Cohen 2010: 15); the public interest and common liberty are synonymous withpersonal interest and liberty.'(Boucher 2009: 278) The Legislator The Social Contract offers various measures through which the general will is made discoverable, or else enforced, as briefly mentioned above. Whilst forcing man to be free seems adversative to liberal political theory (which this essay argues that Rousseau follows), the institutions that Rousseau describes within The Social Contract are analogous to popular sovereignty and hence compatible with individual autonomy as we have seen. These include the institutions of a legislator, or law-giver, civil religion and censorship. Rousseau acknowledges that man does not necessarily know what he wants, or is best for him and so needs the guidance of wisdom and experience in the form of these institutions to aid the formation of the social contract. In particular, there is a need for a legislator to [lead] to the union of understanding and will in the social body (SC 2: 6.10). This legislator would do so by reason of his genius, [and]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ no less by reason his office, which is neith er magistracy, nor Sovereignty (SC 2: 7.4). Thus Rousseau depicts a figure who is distinct from the sovereignty of the people and hence neither superior (a master) nor inferior to the community: he works in the interest of discovering the general will (by means of persuasion), and thus by deduction solely motivated by the protection of liberty and freedom of the individual. Of course, by separating the legislator from the people, Rousseau is opening himself to claims of elitism, which are potentially at odds with the egalitarian free community of equals (Cohen 2010: 10) that is the outcome of his conception of the general will. However, he counters these criticisms by making clear that he who holds command over laws ought notà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to have it over men; or else his laws would be the ministers of his passions and would often merely serve to perpetuate his injustices. (SC 2: 7.4) This Montesquieu-esque separation of powers (who, along with Diderot, preceded Rousseau in coining the term general will and who evidently influenced Rousseaus thought) safeguards the sovereignty of the people, and whilst the legislator is applicable to the community at large, Rousseau expresses its worth to individual autonomy rather than the collective authority: If we ask in what precisely consists the greatest good of all, which should be the end of every system of legislation, we shall find it reduce itself to two main objects, liberty and equality (SC 2: 11.1) Rousseaus civil concept of liberty It has been established that the social contract contrasts two necessities of human nature: the need for security and political authority (embodied in the social contract as the need for a political community) and the need for individual autonomy and liberty. Yet there must inevitably be a concession. One of the towering liberal philosophers of the twentieth century, Isaiah Berlin, famously drew a distinction between two concepts of liberty, those of positive and negative liberty (Berlin 1958), and this is pertinent in its applicability in Rousseaus Social Contract. Whilst negative (absolute) liberty allows the individual full autonomy in the absence of external forces (coercive or otherwise), Rousseau concedes that to reconcile the two necessities a different conception of liberty is needed, and this Berlin called positive liberty: the freedom to, as opposed to freedom from, act with individual autonomy, protected by certain measures acting as safeguards. This, to Rousseau, was civi l liberty: What man loses by the social contract is his natural liberty and an unlimited right to everything he tries to get and succeeds in getting; what he gains is civil liberty and the proprietorship of all he possesses. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦we must clearly distinguish natural liberty, which is bounded only by the strength of the individual, from civil liberty, which is limited by the general will; and possession, which is merely the effect of force or the right of the first occupier, from property, which can be founded only on a positive title. (SC 1: 8.2) This is an important distinction to make, but not one that this essay believes forces a dilution of liberty. Berlin (1958) draws these two distinct concepts to further his argument that the only true form of liberty is that in a negative sense. Nonetheless, liberalism to a modern scholar associates itself with the protection of individual rights, such as those of proprietorship; this has been engrained in liberal theory, which arguably finds its origin in Rousseaus Social Contract. To Rousseau, the liberty that is afforded to man in the state of nature (being the liberty that Berlin favours) is detrimental to the human condition. On the other hand, under the social contract, man gains an equivalent for everything he loses (SC 1: 6.8). From this we might take that liberty under the social contract is a zero-sum gain; liberty is exchanged, but not lost. However, the benefit of civil liberty is that man gains an increase in force for the preservation of what he has. (SC 1: 6.8). Roussea u develops upon this by commenting that the right of first occupier, which in the state of nature is so weak (SC 1: 9.2), is respected by individuals and the community alike: possessors, being regarded as depositaries of public property, and having their rights respected by all the members of the Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, have, by a cession which benefits both the public and still more themselves, acquired, so to speak, all that they gave up. (SC 1: 9.6) We might, over and above all this add, to what man acquires in the civil state, moral liberty, which alone makes him truly the master of himself; for the mere impulse of appetite is slavery, while obedience to a law which we prescribe to ourselves is liberty (SC 1: 8.3). This is a striking statement, and of course not one that Berlin, among others, accepts. Berlin states that to coerce a man is to deprive him of freedom (Berlin 1958: 6). Yet Rousseaus social contract is not coercive in this sense. Man does not accept the general will through the persuasion of authority, but because it is rational to do so as the general will is equally a manifestation of ones own true will. Rousseau does not deprive the individual of free will: far from it, he expects that in the social contract man will choose the general will with this very same free will of the individual. By man developing his moral faculties through the conception of the civil state, Rousseau claims that justice triumphs over in stinct, intelligence over stupidity and irrationality (SC 1: 8.1). Thus, in forming a civil community (state), man develops an appreciation of the liberty of other individuals within that community, which is mutually protective; the moral intelligence that man formulates is of greater benefit to individual freedom and autonomy than his very same (absolute) liberty in the state of nature. Communitarianism and illiberalism It is clear to see that myriad critics, among them Berlin, reject Rousseaus contracts protection of liberty, instead arguing that his strong conception of political community intrinsically works to oppose this. Berlins extraordinary claim that Rousseau was one of the most sinister and formidable enemies of liberty in the whole history of modern thought (Berlin 2002: 4) certainly has great impact, a surprisingly ferocious attack on a theorist who had at his heart a desire to protect the freedom of human condition in society. Thus it is necessary to delve into Berlins criticism further to understand his reasoning. Berlin saw Rousseaus conjecture being particularly dangerous to liberty. In Berlins view, Rousseau had associated freedom with self-determination, yet self-determination with obedience to the general will. The notion of the general will, being quite separate from individual (particular) wills, went against Berlins conception of liberalism, for it alleged the existence of a common interest encompassing the interests of all men: an absolute, single set of rules for all, which Berlin saw as being a divergence from the pluralist tradition of liberalism. Rousseau also went some way to disguising mans true nature, as Berlin saw it, by conceiving man as a citizen being, rather than a lone, individual creature an unrealistic transformation of human interest. Furthermore, Rousseau was said to have changed the concept of mans will from what he actually desires empirically, to a will that he ought, or should, desire, but may not through the nature of the human condition (Berlin 2002). Emphasis ed by his strong Calvinist influence, we could also add to this Rousseaus deeply-rooted sense of morality, a sense of right and wrong, and what it means to live a good (and bad) life, which we can take Berlin to object to on the basis of its limitation on individual choice and self-determination.

Depression and Antidepressants Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Depression and Antidepressants I am quite fascinated by generalized control mechanisms and the role they play in the nervous system. I am also quite curious about the relationship between different generalized control mechanisms. The concept of mood and depression in particular have always interested me. I have always wondered what actually causes depression. Why can some people be in a perfectly good mood one day and then less than a week later start exhibiting the signs of clinical depression? I have always been curious about the role that experience and chemical imbalances play in depression and other mood disorders. I donUt totally understand how chemical depression can originate as the result of severe outside stressors in a personUs life. How can this stress go from simply stress in the experiences and environment of a person to a chemical imbalance? I have also wondered why certain people are more susceptible to depression than others. I am curious about whether genetics play a role in depression and whethe r certain people are more susceptible to depression because of the environment they live in or because of pharmacological reasons and genes. Throughout our class this year, I have wondered about the role that the I-function plays in depression. I find it interesting that it is possible to wake up one morning and be in a nasty mood even if I want to be in a good mood and my I-function is thinking RhappyS thoughts. Through my research for this paper I wanted to find out more about the different kinds of depression and exactly what goes on chemically in the brain when a person is depressed. I also wanted to do a little research on how depression can be treated. I wanted to try and determine how and when the line of simp... ... of depression. Through my extensive research on depression I have learned a lot of new things. I have learned about the many forms of depression and treatment for depression. I have also learned a little about what is believed to go on chemically in the brain of a clinically depressed person. I was also able to partially determine what sort of role genetics, chemicals and personal influences in the brain. Though I was unable to determine exactly how environmental and personal stress can cause a chemical imbalance in a person, I was even able to speculate about this issue and determine some theories of my own on why and how this may happen. Internet Sources: http://medicalreporter.health.org/tmr0696/goldberg.html http://www.med.harvard.edu/publications/On_The_Brain/Volume2/Special/SPDepr.html http://home.blarg.net/~charlatn/depression/DepMeds.html Depression and Antidepressants Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers Depression and Antidepressants I am quite fascinated by generalized control mechanisms and the role they play in the nervous system. I am also quite curious about the relationship between different generalized control mechanisms. The concept of mood and depression in particular have always interested me. I have always wondered what actually causes depression. Why can some people be in a perfectly good mood one day and then less than a week later start exhibiting the signs of clinical depression? I have always been curious about the role that experience and chemical imbalances play in depression and other mood disorders. I donUt totally understand how chemical depression can originate as the result of severe outside stressors in a personUs life. How can this stress go from simply stress in the experiences and environment of a person to a chemical imbalance? I have also wondered why certain people are more susceptible to depression than others. I am curious about whether genetics play a role in depression and whethe r certain people are more susceptible to depression because of the environment they live in or because of pharmacological reasons and genes. Throughout our class this year, I have wondered about the role that the I-function plays in depression. I find it interesting that it is possible to wake up one morning and be in a nasty mood even if I want to be in a good mood and my I-function is thinking RhappyS thoughts. Through my research for this paper I wanted to find out more about the different kinds of depression and exactly what goes on chemically in the brain when a person is depressed. I also wanted to do a little research on how depression can be treated. I wanted to try and determine how and when the line of simp... ... of depression. Through my extensive research on depression I have learned a lot of new things. I have learned about the many forms of depression and treatment for depression. I have also learned a little about what is believed to go on chemically in the brain of a clinically depressed person. I was also able to partially determine what sort of role genetics, chemicals and personal influences in the brain. Though I was unable to determine exactly how environmental and personal stress can cause a chemical imbalance in a person, I was even able to speculate about this issue and determine some theories of my own on why and how this may happen. Internet Sources: http://medicalreporter.health.org/tmr0696/goldberg.html http://www.med.harvard.edu/publications/On_The_Brain/Volume2/Special/SPDepr.html http://home.blarg.net/~charlatn/depression/DepMeds.html

Geographical Layout of an Area on Its Politics Essay

What is the effect of the geographical layout of an area on its politics, society, and economy? Physical characteristics of a specific area can have a substantial impact on its history. Regardless of how close one area is to another the outcome of the civilization could be completely different because of how the people have had to adapt to live in their respective areas. This issue would explain how intertwined history is with geography. Europe’s geography provided many disadvantages and advantages which have been the factors for its many successes and failures. Since the majority of Europe is surrounded by water it was a peninsula. This made it so they could trade with ease. The many rivers and mountain ranges of Europe most certainly aided in protecting certain civilizations from invasion or being involved in wars. The wildly vast and diverse geographic features in Europe set the tone for trading routes to prosper, long-lasting cultures to develop, and battles to occur that would change the identity of the region indefinitely. A region’s geographic shape is instrumental in determining what a region will become. Due to Europe’s geographical shape it became a hotspot for any and all trade. With natural resources plentiful Europe was constantly bustling with business. The Iberian Peninsula gave Spain and Portugal easy access to trade with foreign countries. The Balkan Peninsula gave many countries along the Aegean Sea the effortless option to trade. The many Peninsulas provided great advantages for Europeans due to the plentiful food the oceans supplied. These advantages molded many European civilizations into what they are today whether they isolate themselves from others or interact. The specific geographical features within a region provided protection, but also could have provided isolation. The many rivers and mountain ranges of Europe provided many people with fertile soil and a feeling of safety. However, the mountain ranges could stop trade between countries and slow the advancement of technology and knowledge between these regions. The rivers on the other hand would encourage trade and it would flourish. The physical characteristics of a region affect the decisions people greatly. Europe has a wide variety of terrains. Some help the people who live there, while others force people to adapt. These features influenced the development of many areas. For example the Alps acted as a barrier throughout the Punic Wars. It was perhaps the Roman Empire’s greatest asset. Several times Hannibal was forced to attack by sea instead of being able to invade from the North. This is not the only time in history was affected by geographical features. Climate overcame Hitler’s forces in the Invasion of Russia. The cold winter air killed off many of Hitler’s forces. That event alone could have changed the entire turnout of WWII. Europe’s features both hindered and kindled its growth as a world power. People’s choices have always been affected by their surroundings. The geographic features found in Europe were a commodity and the reason Europe succeeded the way it did for so long. Europe is filled with a wide variety of natural resources and geographical features. Sometimes their surroundings were beneficial and other times it was detrimental. Geography affected the choices of everyone. These features are what caused certain trade routes to emerge, cultures to find their identities, and wars to take place where they did.

BICS and CALP Essay

BICS and CALP are unique in its particular style of learning, each one adaptable according to the availability of resources with a particular student. A view can be held that BICS are easily learnt via interaction with people in society, at home, and through media. The accuracy of learning is not accounted of unless an individual is passed through the channel of CALP. CALP brings out the best caliber among students and prepares efficient individuals as it is a whole package of hard work with strong components. Differences between BICS and CALP sno Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency Skills (CALP) 1 Offers the skills of communication, interaction that can be used in society and at home environment. Teaching of English language at school level offers fundamentals, basic grammar, speaking, reading, writing, with its strong components and an eligibility for master over language for further certification at graduate, post-graduate and doctorate level. 2 Very helpful in communicating with one another in day to day activities. Physical gestures [shake hand, smile, nod of head, wave of hand] also indicate and send a warm message to the receiver which is more effective and communicative tool. Involves excessive mental work in preparation of words including and applying knowledge at every step. Although it appears as a complex activity, there can be no other best or an alternative expertise way to prepare students for linguistic mastery at school and graduate level. 3 Home environment is sufficient as parents also contribute to the development of perfect etiquette in communications. However, it depends on home atmosphere where it said home is the preliminary school where the interaction begins with parents which works as a tool and motivates the child to take decisions about acceptance and refusal of a particular situation according to the development of mental perception of a student School atmosphere, influence of Teachers on students is predominantly heavy at teaching level. Students listen, understand, write, follow and practice that is being taught by the teachers. The entire responsibility is laid on Teachers. Therefore, on an average most of the teachers expect a meritorious grade from all the students as a record of good teaching level, irrespective of students private status. When this is not possible, teachers take every care about students understanding of English i. e. basics, grammar, phonetics, both writing and reading of English is at prospective and intelligible stage which is earmarked in evaluation of examination papers. 4 This appears very easy students who are perfect at CALP. It can also be easily taught through the medium of television, play school and etc. , which is also effective tool for BICS as television programmes such as cartoon network, pogo, Disney network also telecast programmes in favour of students to provide more effective understanding, accurate pronunciation of words which is entertaining and learning based. Learning of CALP requires, effort, hard work, constant persuasion, and periodical assignment evaluation through strict procedures of correction method to prepare students to be experts in CALP. Conclusion Teaching in classroom holds very good for CALP as each student is enabled with strong foundation of fundamental and basic strong communication skills to become a successful communicator as well to make a prospective career in a particular subject. An anecdote of a secretary and boss goes in the following manner: Boss dictated his secretary to send a telegram â€Å"May his soul rest in peace†. Duty bound secretary typed and sent the message in the following line: â€Å"May his soul rest in piece†. Here an identification is made about incoherence, lack of thinking or imperfect in English language which is unacceptable at every level. Therefore, it is important for a student to gain mastery over BICS as well CALP at school itself with the support of Teachers. http://72. 14. 253. 104/search? q=cache:gh4cm4R7Nt0J:www. ollusa. edu/FileUploads/PsyDHandbook. pdf+differences+between+BICS+abd+CALP&hl=en&gl=in&ct=clnk&cd=4&ie=UTF-8

Hyperactivity essays

Hyperactivity essays This book is about children who has difficulty paying attention, controlling emotions, and governing physical activity, and who do not think before they act. It is a book about children who are often described as taking unnecessary risks, but it begins with the premise that these children can succeed at home, in school, and in the community. They can manage these difficulties. Most importantly, when they become successful adults, they can make a significant contribution to society. This book also begins with the idea that problems cannot be cured most be effectively managed, and effective management comes about through understanding those problems. To help your hyperactive child succeed, it is essential to understand your childs behavior, see the world through your childs eyes, and make the distinction between behavior that results from lack of ability and behavior from deliberate noncompliance. Over the past hundred years, problems characteristic of hyperactive have been categorized and labeled many different ways. At various times in the twentieth century, these children have been referred to as having the fidgeties, a de defect in moral control, minimal brain dysfunction, postencephalitic disorder, minimal brain damage, hyperkinesis, attention deficit disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. For the past several decades, the study of attention deficit disorder (ADD or ADHD) has captured the interest of medical, psychological, and educational researchers. The scientific investigation into the disorder has focused on a myriad of aspects including: epidemiology, etiology, methods of diagnosis, and procedures for treatment. It is likely that no other psychomedical disorder of childhood has been so well study as ADD. One of the reasons for such intense interest is that ADD is fairly prevalent in our society, affecting 3 to 5 percent of the nations school-age children. Drs. Sam and Mich...