Lemon Law

Lemon Law The North Carolina Lemon Law is a consumer protection law enacted to provide recourse after having purchased a defective vehicle. The North Carolina Lemon Law is similar to lemon laws in other states, but there are some differences. North Carolina’s lemon law requires automobile manufacturers to repurchase or replace a vehicle that has not been properly repaired within a â€Å"reasonable number of attempts†. In North Carolina, this reasonable number is 4 attempts or if the car has been out of service waiting repair for a cumulative total of 20 or more business days during any 12-month period of the warranty.The North Carolina Lemon Law gives relief to those who either buy or lease a vehicle that has a gross weight of 10,000 pounds or less. It covers cars, trucks, motorcycles and most vans. It does not cover, however, house trailers. The North Carolina Lemon Law covers any kinds of defects that impair the value, use or safety of the vehicle to the consumer. The defects does not have to affect the drivability of the car but could be problems such as defective paint, heating system or excessive noise. It is very important to read the warranty book that came with the new or leased vehicle carefully.The warranty will tell you what is covered and for how long. When you buy or leased your vehicle, you probably will have to sign a lot of paperwork. It is important to read your copies of this paperwork very carefully to find out if the manufacturer wants you to waive your rights to a trial by jury in the case of problems and settle through arbitration instead. Arbitration is usually not in the best interest of the consumer in lemon law cases, so make sure you know what your rights are before you buy or lease.READ IT ALL!!! Once you have purchased or leased a new vehicle that needs to be taken in for repairs, it is important that you start keeping records at this point, in case they are needed later. When taking your vehicle in to an authorized de aler for repairs, keep a detailed list of what needs to be repaired for yourself along with the dealer. Get repair orders for your vehicle and make sure they state all repairs and how long your vehicle was in the shop including dates and mileage.The North Carolina Lemon Law requires the consumer to notify the manufacturer and finance company in writing of defects once a car has been out of service for 15 business days or has been sent in for repair for the same defect three times. This is extremely important. Without written notification to the manufacturer, you will not have a claim. Keep copies of all correspondence with the manufacturer and finance company. The best defense in a lemon law case is accurate facts and information in the form of records.

Nutritional Assessment

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is the ratio of weight to height and is used to classify people as being â€Å"underweight,† â€Å"normal,† or â€Å"obese† (BMI Classification, 2007). Using the international classifications, a BMI of 32.2 would be considered as Obese Gr. 1. The case being answered is why is a person who eats normally at 4-5 fairly healthy meals every day, satisfies the recommended allowances classified as obese? Many factors must be considered when answering this case. Most important among these is whether the measurement of the BMI is done under normal conditions, that is, if the body type, health status, body composition and metabolic function of the patient are considered. Truly, there are some instances when the BMI classification is not applicable. It must be noted that the Body Mass Index is a standard for determining the risk of normal people. It cannot be used for people who have high muscle mass. Muscle is considered as heavier compared to fat and a more muscular person would naturally be higher in body weight compared to his or her â€Å"more normal† counterpart. Two persons, for example may have a 32.2 BMI but may have different body compositions: one may appear â€Å"fat† because of greater body fat composition and the other may appear really lean and healthy because his or her body composition is mainly of muscles. A bodybuilder may always be classified as â€Å"overweight† or â€Å"obese† if BMI standards are used; when Arnold Schwarzenegger won a certain competition, his BMI was 31 (Whitney, Cataldo and Rolfes, 2002). As it is, the definition of the BMI must be kept in mind—it only considers the person’s weight and height and not the person’s body composition. In other words, in assessing the health risks of a person using a BMI, the body composition or body type of a person should be considered first because the results may erroneously represent the real status of the individual. The results of the Body Mass Index can also be influenced by the water composition in the body. If the person is retaining water, for example, he or she should not be classified using the BMI standards because the weight is affected by the unnecessary water that is retained inside the body. If water is retained and the person is measured, the BMI would naturally result to a higher value which would not represent the person’s true health status. Edema or water retention can sometimes happen to people with kidney failure, and to women who are pregnant. The BMI classification should also not be used to pregnant women because in measuring the BMI, the weight of the unborn child is not considered which could also erroneously increase the true value of the index. The result would then, not become representative of the true health status of the individual. If however, the patient is not â€Å"muscular†, the relatively high BMI of the person, despite his or her normal intake can be attributable to the person’s rate of metabolism. There is a possibility of the person having low metabolism as a result of previous abnormalities in dietary practices and intake or possibly a thyroid disorder. Hypothyroidism can decrease the rate of metabolism of a person by as much as 30%. At such rate, the person, no matter how healthy his or her eating habits are, is at risk to gaining more weight, having higher BMI and thus, being at risk to the diseases associated with higher BMI. These factors must be considered first in assessing whether there is something significant in the BMI of the patient under study.   The 32.2 BMI of the person may not be signifying a risk in health but a mere indication of erroneous use of the classification without considering the body composition, water retention, or pregnancy. But if these factors are considered, the person must really be at risk for high fat deposition as a result of low rate of metabolism. The person should then consider doing more physical activity or consulting a doctor on how to normalize the thyroid function. Works Cited BMI Classification. (2007). World Health Organization. Retrieved 26 Feb 2007 from http://www.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.html, Whitney, Cataldo and Rolfes. (2002). Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition. 6th ed. Stamford, CT: Wadsworth Thomson Learning.

Dehydration and Gc Lab Report

Introduction In an E1 reaction, where E stands for elimination and 1 stands for unimolecular. The breaking of the C-LV bond is completed before any reaction occurs between the base to lose a hydrogen and form the carbon-carbon double bond [1]. When the more substituted alkene is the dominant product, the reaction follows Zaitsev's rule. Zaitsev's rule states that the major product of a ? -elimination reaction is the most stable alkene [1]. Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration is the elimination of a molecule of water from adjacent carbon atoms.An alcohol can be converted to an alkene by dehydration, which is often brought on by heating the alcohol with either 85% phosphoric acid or concentrated sulfuric acid [1]. The objective of this experiment is to dehydrate 3-methyl-3-pentanol to obtain the product mixture of isomeric alkenes 3-methyl-2pentene and 2-ethyl-1-butene. Then use the gas chromatography to separate the product mixture and analyze the composition [2]. [pic] [pic] [pic] Figure1: Ta ble of Reagents Name |Molecular Weight |Density |Melting Point |Boiling Point | |2-methylcyclohexnol |114. 19 g/mol |0. 921 g/cm3 |-9. 5oC |165oC | |Phosphoric Acid |98 g/mol |1. 88 g/cm3 |42. 35oC |158oC | |Calcium Chloride |110. 98 g/mol |2. 15 g/cm3 |772oC |1,935oC |Fig: The chart shows the reagents used in the laboratory experiment and information regarding the solvents. Experimental The experiment started by gathering the supplies for distillation. In the vial, 2mL of 2-methylcyclohexanol and 1mL of phosphoric acid is added. The solvents are thoroughly mixed and a few boiling chips is added to help with the boil. The sand bath is set up with the thermometer and the sand will be heated up to 100oC and the vial containing the solvents will be placed on the sand and let to boil. The process should take about 30 minutes to start boiling.A beaker with a flask will be covered in ice and the water would be sucked out with the Pasteur pipette. When the distillation process is completed , the distillated liquid would be saved. CaCl2 would be added to the liquid to prevent evaporation and allows distillate to dry over drying agent. Then the little container will be weighed empty, and then the container with the liquid will be weight. Results ****** I can’t figure out how to insert our graph. When I copy it my computer says it is too big to paste in a word document. So I’m going to pretend the graph is in this spot, and put the results of the graph under here.Hopefully someone else in the group can use their computer to insert the graph or we can print it off and the graph will just have its own page. A gas chromatogram is a plot of a response against the retention time. Chemical substances as gases are retained on the liquid column (stationary phase) with a flow gas being the carrier (mobile phase) through the column. At the end of the column is some means of detection. The peak height or the peak area is used to quantitate the amount of substance. The number of peaks can also help determine whether or not one is dealing with a pure compound.Peak one has a retention time of . 29 seconds and a peak area of 999. 00. Peak two was found to have a retention time of . 37 seconds and a peak area of 5067. 00. The percent composition for peak one is 16. 46884% and the percent composition for peak two is 83. 53116%. The percent yield is given by the ratio of the experimental yield to the theoretical yield, which was found to be 52%. Discussion All possible products were observed. Under kinetic control, a significant yield of 3-methlycyclohexane is expected when 2-methylcyclohexane is dehydrated.The kinetic product is known as Hofman product. The mechanism of this dehydration involves the formation of a tertiary carbocation intermediate. The observed products do support E1 mechanism. E1 mechanism indicates an elimination, unimolecular  reaction, where rate = k [R-LG]. This implies that the rate determining step of the mechanism depends on the decomposition of a single molecular species. The pathway involves two critical steps, which are the loss of the leaving group to generate a  carbocation intermediate, then  the loss of a proton from the carbocation to form a pi-bond.In this experiment the slow step in this elimination is the loss of a water molecule (the leaving group) from the oxonium ion to form the carbocation intermediate. This unimolecular rate-determining step makes this an E1 mechanism. The percent composition of a compound is a relative measure of the mass of each different element present in the compound. It gives the composition of the sample that was injected into the gas chromatograph, which ultimately helps determine alkene stability. In an error analysis of this experiment, peak resolution is critical.In a good chromatographic separation, the components of the sample are completely separated from each other in the chromatogram. Unfortunately, an incomplete separation of the components in a sam ple gives poor peak resolution and there is an overlap between adjacent peaks in the chromatogram. When the peaks in a chromatogram are poorly resolved, it is necessary to adjust one or more of the separation parameters until baseline resolution is obtained. Reference [1] Brown, William Henry. Organic Chemistry. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Page 149-157 2] Hill, Richard K. , and John Barbaro. Experiments in Organic Chemistry. Raleigh, NC: Contemporary Pub. of Raleigh, 2005. Print. Page E8-13 to E8-15 Questions (T8-9) 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When peaks in the gas chromatograms are poorly separated, it is best to change one or more separation parameters so the baseline resolution is obtained. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Benzene > o-xylene > p-xylene > toluene 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cyclohexyl methyl ether would have a shorter retention time because of the increase in temperature. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Retention will increase when the temperature column is decrease dB. When you increase the length of a column, the retention time would increase because of the longer distance traveled. C. Increasing flow rate of carrier gas will decrease the retention time 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  105oC 6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Little to no partitioning of components in the sample will occur and therefore giving poor to no separation. 7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  29mm2, 210mm2, 136mm2 Mole %=(Area under individual Peaks)/(Total area under all the peaks) x 100% %=29mm/375mm x100%=7. 73% %=210mm/375mm x100%=56% %=136mm/375mm x100%=36. 27% Total area under peak= 29+210+136= 375mm

Code of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Code of Ethics - Essay Example No one person can run this organization; therefore, it is imperative that we hire associates who are friendly, knowledgeable, and understand exactly what their respective roles in the company are. We hold our associates to the highest ethical standards. We expect our employees to behave in such a way, on campus and off, that no shame or degradation will be cast upon Whitehouse Cherry. Business ethics, to us, is defined as behavior that would directly result in the loss of customers, or invite lawsuits. For example, good business ethics dictate that all Whitehouse Cherry associates keep all customer information confidential. This information includes their names, and all identifying information like addresses, social security numbers, and phone numbers. Our customers are assured that their information will neither appear on a listserv, nor will it be sold to solicitation companies or surveyors. As well, credit card information should only be entered into our database at the time customers are making purchases, whether in person, or via Web. Associates may not write down credit card numbers, expiration dates, or security code information wholly, or in part. If an associate experiences any difficulty entering credit card information into the database, please see a senior associate to complete the transaction. This rule applies to all forms of payment received by Whi tehouse Cherry, including checks and Pay Pal accounts. Failure to adhere to any part of this rule will result in immediate dismissal of the associate, as per our agreement, written or implied, with the customer. Whitehouse Cherry associates must never discuss customers, except with pertinent personnel, and for business and problem resolution reasons only. Even then, non-pertinent personnel, and customers, must not be within hearing range of the associates in discussion. Associates who overhear non-pertinent conversations must a) keep the

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Questions - Assignment Example Flow of capital is determined by real interest rates. When domestic real interest rates rise, the domestic assets become more attractive to foreign investors. These investors buy this country’s assets assets resulting in capital inflow. Higher interest rates also induces domestic investors to buy home assets instead of foreign ones. This significantly reduces the amount of capital outflow. This leads to a decline in the net capital outflow. A decrease in the domestic real interest rate will substantially reduce investors returns from their investments. This will discourage foreign investors from investing locally hence reducing capital inflow. Domestic investors will shift their investments to countries with rising real interest rates thus increasing capital outflow. This will ultimately lead to increased net capital outflow. Relationship among saving, investment, and net capital outflow. According to Lukes (1959), disposable income is used for consumption and investment. The amount of money saved is the one used for investments and therefore investment is equal to savings. The total amount of a country’s savings is used for domestic investment and purchase of capital goods abroad. As explained above, net capital outflow is the net flow of funds being invested in other countries by a country during a certain period of time. ... In economics, the term investment refers to purchase of new capital and other factors of production often through the use of loans. As shown in the graph below, the demand curve in the loanable market is downward sloping from left to right while the supply curve in the same market is downward sloping from right to left. According to John ( 1936), when the real interest rate increases, the cost of taking loans increases. This leads to low investment as investors shy away from acquiring loans to fund investments due to the increased costs. On the other hand, when the real interest rates are low, the cost of taking loans reduces hence loans becomes more attractive to investors. This translates to increased investments. When the real interest rate rises, people save more in order to take advantage of the increased returns on their savings. Therefore, there will be increased money saved in the economy. On the other hand, when the real interest rate decreases, people will be discouraged fr om saving by the low returns they get due to lower real interest rates, leading to low savings. The foreign exchange market is a market for trading of currency. In this market, one party exchanges one country’s currency with an equivalent quantity of another currency. The exchange rate is the price of one currency in terms of another currency. The major role of foreign exchange market is to facilitate the loanable funds market. Foreign goods are usually priced in foreign currency and therefore an investor will need foreign currency to buy foreign assets. The rate at which a currency is exchanged for another is determined by the demand and supply of that currency. The higher the demand for financial assets in a

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ethics - Essay Example The paper will then evaluate the relation of the first situation and then the second situation in terms of the aforementioned points of view. Later on the essay will discuss the interplay of ethical principles in both cases and how they interact with each other, and the paper will end with a conclusion that sums up the whole essay. Therefore, the paper aims to discuss the specific situations of the scientists, defines the concepts of deontology and consequentialism, as well as analyzes the situations in both points of view and from that it will ascertain which scientist is right. Ethics refers to the â€Å"code of moral standards by which people judge the actions and behaviors of themselves and others†.1 Ethics is a set of rules and regulations that define as well as govern the morality of a person’s conduct in various professional fields. Different professions demand following of different ethical theories and it is the same in case of different regions as well. Thus d eriving a universal ethics that can be applied uniformly in all fields and regions is impossible. Therefore, keeping this is mind, various ethicists have come up with ethics suitable for the respective professions and regions, which has led to the origin of several ethical theories that include relativism, absolutism, deontology or duty ethics, Kantian theory, utilitarianism, consequentialism, virtue ethics etc. The paper at hand thus deals with deontology and consequentialism in terms of the two cases given. The first case describes the situation of scientist A, where she deliberately modifies the data related to her experiment so as to achieve success in the experiment. Her act of distorting the data is against the moral code of conduct, or rather the ethics. Ethics is built upon certain values and the act of distortion here overrides these values, some of which are honesty, integrity and responsibility. She becomes dishonest by changing the data and modifying it in order to make the experiment successful, thus she does not follow the principle of â€Å"honesty†.2 By not keeping the data in its original form, she also neglects the value of â€Å"integrity,† by being untruthful to herself as well as others around her, which would later on lead to the development of a guilty conscience.3 ‘A’ further breaches the ethics of responsibility, as she does not fulfill her obligation of submitting clean and unbiased data. Therefore, it is observed that scientist A deliberately distorts data in order to create a successful scientific experiment, thus intentionally violating ethical values such as honesty, integrity and responsibility. The second case describes the situation of scientist B, where she has omitted some data due to her carelessness. But it is said that the consequences were same in both the cases, which means despite her omissions, she succeeds in the experiment. In this case, the scientist has not deliberately tampered with data , rather the data has been changed due to a state of being unaware. However, this unawareness stems from negligence or ignorance from the part of B, as she has not gone through the data again and made sure if it was completely accurate. Therefore, it can be discerned that she breaches the ethics of responsibility, as she does not cross check her data at any time of the experiment, thus unintentionally leading to distortion of data. It is natural for human beings to make

Dance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Dance - Essay Example Indeed, the term â€Å"confiscation† as used in Lesson 1 sought to integrate African dance traditions into the American culture. The terms â€Å"fusion† and â€Å"confiscation† are very significant in the American culture especially with reference to the American dance and society since they play a huge role in creating a new American dance form. The term fusion refers to the aspect of creating a singular and original, high quality show, which blends dance, fashion, and music to establish a high-end performance (â€Å"York Media† 1). Fusion brings a diverse collection of best dancers, models, musicians, artists, fashion designers, hairdressers, and make-up artists to create an original and unique music and dance performance in America (â€Å"York University† 1). In terms of dance and society, confiscation refers to the adoption of techniques and effects from native cultures into the American dance and society (Rogers 10). With reference to cultures and dance, confiscation integrates the conflicting association between the African dance traditions and the American culture. The Ghost dance is a dance practice that exemplifies "confiscation" of dance forms to "create" a new American dance form. From the Ghost Dance, we can indeed derive the fact that there was a confiscation of techniques and effects from native cultures into the American dance and society. The immigration of Indians and the integration of Wodziwobs teachings with the American traditions led to the confiscation (â€Å"United States History† 1). Notably, the American belief systems adopted the religious attributes of Ghost Dance movement. This is clear where the dancers performed the dance with a belief of getting cure for their illness. This related to the ritual intentions as depicted by Wodziwob who started the dance. They disregarded the ritual beliefs and adopted

Gobachevs New Foreign Policy and its Consequences Essay

Gobachevs New Foreign Policy and its Consequences - Essay Example Gorbachev’s foreign policy approach was a direct result of domestic concerns. Gorbachev viewed economic and political restructuring as not simply the basis of domestic revitalization, it was essential to sustain the Soviet Union’s position as an international power. Gorbachev described the connection between his domestic and foreign policy programs. â€Å"The success of efforts at internal reform will determine whether or not the Soviet Union will enter the twenty-first century in a manner worthy of a great power.†1 New Soviet government leaders, led by Gorbachev, introduced radical changes to the Soviet system. He initiated perestroika, a series of economic reforms meant to eliminate ineffective administrative structures without fundamentally altering the state-run economy. Politically, Gorbachev introduced glasnost so as to decrease the control of the state and Communist Party interests, the obstacles to economic reform. Political reform was successful but also initiated opposition that ultimately led to Gorbachev’s political demise. New foreign policy thinking was created and implemented to support the pressing needs for economic reform and internal political reforms. These reforms reunited Germany and earned Gorbachev a good deal of popularity throughout the world, more so than in Russia. It also earned him the Nobel Peace prize and an honored position in history. Characteristic of Soviet ideologies from the past, the primary attention of its new leadership was on the domestic issues.

San Francisco Symphony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

San Francisco Symphony - Essay Example The event has always been performed in the Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall from the day it started. However, on February 13, 2014, I was privileged to form part of the audience at Mondavi Centre for a symphony concert that started at 8.00pm. The renowned San Francisco Symphony accompanied by the famous violinist, Simone Lamsma, performed the concert. Out of the many symphonies performed, I fell for Sibelius and Tchaikovsky’s compositions more compared to the rest. In this paper, I will outline the various characteristics that make up the two compositions in terms of instrumentation, classification, genres, and the overall performance of Violin concerto in D Minor, Opus 47 and Symphony No.4 in F Minor, Opus 36. Jean Sibelius composed Violin Concerto in D Minor, Opus 47 in 1904 during the late romantic period. This concerto premiered in Helsinki with violinist Victor Novacek. What makes this piece unique is the fact that Sibelius provided an extended cadenza for the soloist, a feature that led to the development in sonata form first movement (Salmenhaara, 1996). Instrumentation of this performance consisted of flutes- trombones, clarinets, bassoons timpani, strings, trumpets, and horns-, among others. This performance is made up of three movements particularly in Allegro moderato, Adagio di molto and Allegro ma non-troppo. The first movement in this concerto, allegro moderato, starts with a cushion of strings of pianissimo pulsating in a gentle manner. The soloist performing in a D Minor G-A-D follows this, after which, the violinist highlights the theme of the concerto, backed up by the clarinetist. This movement provides a beautiful rhythm, which is enhanced by the instruments and the double stops (Salmenhaara, 1996). Allegro moderato ends in 2/2 time as it introduces the second theme. The second movement, Adagio di molto, is more lyrical than the other movements. Clarinet and oboes introduce this movement followed by a

Adobe Frames Interface Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Adobe Frames Interface - Essay Example Executable files that can be played from a compact disc can also be created using Flash without the need for any additional software.Flash has the capability of capturing user input through the keyboard, mouse, camera or even the microphone.In order to use flash, one does not need to know any programming language even though flash itself contains a scripting language called ActionScript which is object-oriented and offers support for automation through JFL (JavaScript Flash Language). Overview of Action script ActionScript is an object-oriented scripting language which looks much more like JavaScript that is used by Flash to control objects within its movies. It’s based on ECMA-262 specification just like JavaScript. ActionScript enables interactive design in Flash by allowing execution of different actions within a movie (Waldron, 2006). It was initially referred to just as ‘actions’ and was introduced in Flash Player 4. It enabled simple interactivity in Flash a nd it was not as such a complicated language since its semantics and syntax was not anywhere close to ECMAScript. ECMAScript-based syntax was although later applied and thus ActionScript 1.0 was born and introduced in Flash Player 5. ActionScript evolved and its semantics tweaked with the release of Flash Player 6 and 7. In 2003, ActionScript 2.0 was introduced in Flex 1.0 and Flash MX 2004 but it could still work in Flash Player 6 and 7 since it was using an object model similar to that of ActionScript 1.0 (Waldron, 2006). In Flash Player 9, ActionScript 3.0 was introduced as result of a new ActionScript Virtual Machine (AVM2) which is now the main virtual machine for execution of ActionScript code although support for AVM1 is still provided in order to accommodate earlier versions of ActionScript. ActionScript 2.0 and ActionScript 3.0 ActionScript 2.0 was introduced in Flash MX 2004. Although it still utilized the same object model as ActionScript 1.0, it is well equipped for comp lex and larger applications. It adds some few new runtime capability and functionality by improving object-oriented programming in Flash through the introduction of syntax and semantics that is object-oriented. ActionScript 1.0 lacked an official vocabulary for the creation of objects and classes even though it was considered to be object-oriented. In ActionScript 1.0, prototypical objects were used as classes since there was no provision of class keyword for class creation and extend keyword for establishing inheritance which ActionScript 2.0 now provides thus making the language more familiar to those programmers with OOP backgrounds. ActionScript 2.0 has also made it possible for the creation of Java-like interfaces via the use of the interface statement. ActionScript 1.0 did not offer support for user interfaces. In ActionScript 1.0, the file extension for class files was .as which could be defined in in-line code or external files. ActionScript 2.0 now introduces a .class exten sion for class files and requires them to be defined in external class files. This enables editing class files in Flash MX professional 2004 editor or in any other external editor.

On the Importance of the Educational Experience Essay Example for Free

On the Importance of the Educational Experience Essay In Democracy and Education Dewey presents his views regarding the three functions of education. He gives the main function of education, these being: (1) Education should simplify and order the factors of the dispositions it wants to develop, (2) Education should purify and idealize existing social customs, and (3) Education should create a wider and better balanced environment which will influence the young (Dewey 37). He notes that these stand as a requirement for enabling the development of a progressive and democratic society wherein he defines a progressive society as one in which â€Å"individual variations are considered precious†¦ (thereby) allowing for intellectual freedom and the play of diverse gifts and interests in its educational measure† (Dewey 451). Dewey’s views thereby relate the importance of the experience within educational institutions to that of ensuring democracy within a particular community. Since the foundations of democracy are that of liberty and equality, Dewey places emphasis on the necessity of ensuring that intellectual freedom may be practiced within the context of an institution that allows diversity. Within educational systems, an example of this can be seen in the practice of coeducation. As opposed to this view, however, Link Byfield, in his article â€Å"If Girls Can Succeed Only at the Expense of Boys, Maybe We Need Segregated Schools† claims that the implementation of coeducational systems leads to the development of sexism within the system which proves detrimental to the non-privileged sex. In line with this, the tasks of this paper are the following: (1) It seeks to present the views presented by Byfield in his article above and (2) It aims to present an analysis of his argument in line with how coeducation has helped in the presentation of more views in the different subjects within the educational institution and how these views enable the expansion of the educational process. Byfield (2008) argues that increase in the scores of high school girls in the School Achievement Indicators Program (SAIP) in Canada shows that there is ‘regress’ in the educational system. The bases for his claim are the following. He claims that low proficiency of high school boys in language skills and low number of high school boys who have graduated within the time-frame of the survey. He thereby opposes the view presented by the SAIP that school systems within favor the members of both sexes. The bases for SAIP’s conclusion are the following views. First, â€Å"high school girls on average are matching boys in the technology related subjects of math and science, and are far ahead in language skills† and second the ratio of the number of graduates shows that more girls are graduating as opposed to boys. In line with this, Byfield notes, given that a change in the system [from male-oriented to female-oriented] led to the ‘regress’ in the educational achievement of male students, the author argues that it is necessary to segregate students in terms of sex. The basis for his claim is the view that sexism continues to be practiced within educational institutions. He notes that this is apparent in the shift of power from the boys to the girls. He says, â€Å"Now girls seem to run everything the boys’ just tune out†. In addition to this, he says that the adaptation of a segregated system will allow the individual to be socialized in a natural environment which will allow him to be prepared for the ‘real life’. He further argues that this will not â€Å"offend the ‘social imperative’† in the sense that it will create a society â€Å"driven by misunderstanding, ignorance, selfishness, and distrust†, on the other hand, such a setting will free the individual from an environment characterized by â€Å"moshpits of vulgarity where youth is free to run itself according to the values it has absorbed from MachMusic and 12 years of automatic passing and parent-free sex instruction†.

Death of a Nation Essay Example for Free

Death of a Nation Essay Clifford Dowdey’s Death of a Nation: The Story of Lee and His Men at Gettysburg is a military history examining the Confederate loss at this epic battle, particularly the decision-making process and the Southern commanders’ failure to perform up to their potential. Partly a fawning defense of Robert E. Lee and partly an insightful study of why the South even dared invade the North, it demonstrates the author’s Southern bias without trying to justify slavery, as well as Dowdey’s fusion of history and storytelling. The book looks almost exclusively at the Civil War’s largest battle, in which Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia invaded the North in hopes of scaring Lincoln into halting the war and recognizing the Confederacy. Instead, as Dowdey’s title implies, it proved the Confederacy’s apex as a military power, beginning its two-year decline and ultimate collapse. Dowdey, a native of Richmond, Virginia, who produced numerous histories and novels about the Civil War, takes a decided pro-Southern stance and offers a rather generous view both of the Confederacy, never approaching its defense of slavery, and of Lee, the inventive, chance-taking commander who proved the South’s greatest leader. The first chapter, â€Å"Rendezvous with Disaster,† conveys in its title how Dowdey sees the battle, yet he is loath to blame Lee for the loss. He opens with an account of Confederate troops invading Pennsylvania, depicting them not as a menacing enemy but as a somewhat merry band: â€Å"[The] Confederate soldiers had not committed acts of vandalism or abused the inhabitants. On the contrary, the troops had been highly good-humored in the face of taunts and insults† (3). The author then introduces the general as a striking, almost godlike figure, quoting an officer who deemed him â€Å"a kingly man whom all men who came into his presence expected to obey† (5); this description recurs throughout the book. Subsequent chapters describe the buildup and the battle itself. In chapter two, â€Å"The Opening Phase,† Dowdey portrays the decision-making process that led to Lee’s invasion of Pennsylvania as a Jefferson Davis-engineered travesty, â€Å"a necessary expedient in the policy of static, scattered defensiveness† (27). The author considers Lee almost a victim of Davis’ vanity, rigidity, and inability to admit his own lack of military expertise, and he absolves the man he believes â€Å"embodied the image of the patriarchal planter who, as military leader, assumed benevolent responsibility for his domain† (33). Throughout the battle, which dominates much of the book, Dowdey introduces Lee’s subordinates as characters in a novel or drama, describing their personalities in lively, even somewhat chatty detail. Jeb Stuart, whose cavalry failed in its reconnaissance duties before the fighting began, appears as a capable soldier who refused to believe he erred; Richard Ewell is a crusty but soft-hearted eccentric whose marriage softened his fighting skills; and John B. Hood is â€Å"a fighter, not a thinker† (174). He reserves his harshest criticisms for James Longstreet, deeming the lone general to openly question Lee’s decision to wage the unwise assault best known as Pickett’s Charge, a lying defeatist. Dowdey claims that â€Å"objective historians and Longstreet partisans have tried to re-evaluate him outside the text of controversy. This is almost impossible. . . . Many other men performed below their potential at Gettysburg, but only James Longstreet absolved himself by blaming Lee† (340). By the end of the book, one realizes that Dowdey will not concede that the figure he admires may have simply made fatal errors at Gettysburg. Dowdey’s descriptions of the battle cover the three days in a generally accurate but not original manner. He alternates between broad, sweeping pictures of dramatic combat and close-up accounts of individual Confederate units and soldiers. (He gives little mention to Union action throughout the book, making clear that his sole interest is depicting Lee’s army and not providing a holistic history of the battle. ) Though his approach provides reliable but not groundbreaking information, Dowdey makes clear that he considers Lee’s defeat not the venerable commander’s fault (despite his own tendency to take long chances against the larger and better-armed Union Army), but rather his subordinates’ inability to perform as competently as they had in previous battles. In this account, Stuart’s ego kept him from realizing he failed in his scouting duties, A. P. Hill lost his usually strong will, Richard Anderson staged a poor excuse for an assault on Cemetery Ridge with undisciplined, poorly-led Carolinian troops (rather than the Virginians that Dowdey, the Virginian, favors), and Ewell did not adequately prepare his troops for their attack. While Dowdey concedes that Lee, â€Å"alone in the center of the vacuum, could not have been less aware of the total collapse of co-ordination† (240). However, he implies, Lee’s unawareness was not his fault, but that of usually-reliable subordinates who curiously failed all at once. The work ends somewhat abruptly, with Lee’s broken army withdrawing from Pennsylvania after Pickett’s failed charge (in which the general whose name it bears appears as a minor figure) and returning to Virginia; the author offers no broad conclusion or explanation of the battle’s meaning within a larger context. Dowdey, primarily a fiction writer and college instructor who also produced numerous histories of the Army of Northern Virginia, approaches the work with a storyteller’s vigor and flair, writing this history with a novelist’s attention to visual details and his characters’ personalities and quirks. Frequently, he aims to stir the reader’s attention by adding what his characters may have said or thought in rich, occasionally overstated terms. For example, he deems Ewell â€Å"this quaint and lovable character† (121); Jubal Early becomes â€Å"the bitter man [who] became as passionate in his hate for the Union as he had formerly been in its defense† (123); and Union general Daniel Sickles (one of the few figures for whom he shows genuine scorn) is â€Å"an unsavory, showy, and pugnacious character from New York who went further on brassy self-confidence and politicking . . . than many a better man went on ability† (203). In trying give his characters personality, Dowdey writes often picturesque and lively prose but also offers a somewhat distorted picture that more detached academic historians may find objectionable. For example, while Lee can do no wrong, Jefferson Davis, the Confederacy’s much-reviled president, appears as nearly as much a villain as Longstreet. Of Davis, Dowdey writes: â€Å"The crisis [in the South’s military fortunes] was caused largely by the defense policies of the president. . . . Among the limitations of this self-aware gentleman was an inability to acknowledge himself in the wrong† (14). As a Lee apologist, Dowdey implicitly blames David for the South’s collapse, though he wavers on this by adding: â€Å"Lincoln had at his disposal unlimited wealth, the organized machinery of government, a navy, the war potential of heavy industry, and a four-to-one manpower superiority. Davis led a disorganized movement in self-determinism composed of proud and fiercely individualistic provincials (15-16). Dowdey comments little about the South in general and does not directly glorify the Southern cause, though he also refrains from any mention of slavery or racism. He seems to simply accept the South as it was, writing his works to illustrate a particularly regionalist sense of pride, if not in its plantation past, then certainly in Lee, its most shining example of military leadership and manhood. He reveals, perhaps unintentionally, his own sense of romance about the South when he writes: â€Å"In a land where the age of chivalry was perpetuated, the military leader embodied the gallantry, the glamour, and the privilege of the aristocrat in a feudal society† (15). Characters like Lee, he implies, gave the South respectability and nobility, while lesser individuals, like the supposedly duplicitous, disloyal Longstreet and the rigid, arrogant Davis, somehow stained it and failed to match its ideals. Despite Dowdey’s biases, he cannot be faulted for failing to do research. He includes a short bibliographic essay at the end, explaining his sources’ strengths and limitations. In addition to using many secondary sources, he relies heavily on participants’ personal documents, such as letters and memoirs, though he concedes that â€Å"the eyewitness accounts are subject to the fallibility of memory, and many of the articles suffer the distortion of advocacy or indictment† (353). This last comment is telling, because Dowdey himself neither advocates nor indicts the Old South, but rather aims to depict the military aspects. The result is a work that shows clear fondness for the South’s self-image as an embattled land of chivalry, but to his credit, Dowdey does not excoriate the North or its leaders. Lincoln scarcely appears in this volume, but the author pays some compliments to Union generals whom historians have seen less favorably, such as Joseph Hooker (whom Lee soundly defeated at Chancellorsville) or George Meade (who won at Gettysburg but failed to pursue and destroy the remains of Lee’s army as it withdrew). Death of a Nation is not a comprehensive history of the battle of Gettysburg, but neither does it claim to be. Instead, it is an often-entertaining, well-researched account of the Southern side’s participation, including its ill-starred behind-the-scenes planning and the personal dynamics among the commanders who underperformed at this key point in the war. Though Dowdey’s conclusion is so brief as to be unsatisfactory, one can draw one’s own conclusion from this volume’s title and the battle it describes: that defeat at Gettysburg meant the Confederacy’s failure to win its nationhood. Dowdey does not openly lament this fact, but instead shows the process that made this failure a reality. Dowdey, C. (1958). Death of a Nation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Arguments For And Against Hydroelectric Power Environmental Sciences Essay

Arguments For And Against Hydroelectric Power Environmental Sciences Essay The dams that are built are holding back a higher level of water in an area called the reservoir. From here the water is let through the plant intake and into the penstock which brings it down to a turbine water wheel at the lower water level. The water pressure increases at it flows down the penstock and it is this pressure as well as flow that drive the turbine that is connected to the generator. Inside the generator there is a turbine,. Here large electro magnets are attached to the router and located within coils within copper wires in the Stator. As the generator router spins a flow of electrons are released within the coils of the stator. This produces electricity that can be stepped up in voltage through the station transforms and sent through transition lines.  [2]  The amount of electricity generated here is depending on the volume of water flow and amount of hydraulic head  [3]  (The vertical distance between the surface of the reservoir and the surface of the river immediately downstream from the dam  [4]  ) Hydroelectric power is responsible for approximately fifteen percent of the world electricity and is therefore the largest renewable source of energy in the world.  [5]  It has through its green image been worshiped for being eco-friendly and is reliable in terms of consistency and shut down time if so wishes. The design is also reliable and any futures damages will not be that expensive to repair as well as only a few breakdowns have occurred throughout the years. Also that hydro power is independent from fossil fuels and the operation costs are very low compared to several other energy sources. So what is the reason to why activists and scientist has reacted so strong upon this renewable energy source? A source like this that is 90 percent efficient when its converted from water pressure to kinetic energy and the groundwater is increased by reserving water in the reservoir  [6]  , shouldnt this be good? The fact that hydroelectric power controls flooding and provide flood protection in downstream areas  [7]  does not necessary have to be good. The water that is trapped within the reservoir is damaging to the quality since it will lower the dissolvent of oxygen as well as reduce the nutrition and sediments due to lack of the water flow  [8]  . Furthermore will the lack of water flow create particles and unwanted vermin into the hydrogen cycle. When the water is leaving the dams the risk for erosion is high because of the lack of the original currency from the water as well as increasing the risk for the flood to clog  [9]  . The hydropower station s is interrupting the ecosystem and the habitants of the river. Therefore have the government and different regulation such as EU constructed regulations that the plant must fulfill. The problem with this is that the regulations are set to low and that private investors can sneak their way by this. Low Impact Hydrogen Institute have created a voluntary certificate for plants to demonstrate their facilities, this would benefit the plant as well since it would drag consumers to invest in such a hydro plant  [10]  . Though few actually goes through with this certificate. Furthermore, when building such massive stations it takes time, space and money. Scientists are arguing that when the actual construction of the power station is finished it does not take much construction work or entertainment, though they do not mention the side effects for animals and humans in a local, regional and global area. 2000, The Three Gorges Dam Project, over one million people were forced to move from their homes due to the construction of a hydroelectrically power station in China. It had a huge social effect for the people having to leave their homes where immemorial traditions and believes were held, for an unknown resort were their roots never had visited.  [11]  Large areas will have to evacuate and the local will suffer from this. Also biological effects will occur since the construction will interfere with the agriculture. Hydropower stations are well known for the massive percentage of the fishes that gets killed when passing through the station. The turbines have to become more developed to increase the mortality rate of the fishes in the water. Furthermore it can also become hard for some animals to complete their life cycle as the flooding is being controlled; sometimes it is almost impossible for them  [12]  . Adaption takes time and the time given is not enough for extensive b iological changes. A hydropower station will have effects upon self-managed eco systems, the breeding of animals lives and algaes as well as disrupt natural seasonal change, the question is; is it worth it? In Nelson, B.C., Canada, about two hundred people protested against the growing number of hydroelectric power stations.  [13]  In Canada the hydro plants is responsible for the extensive amount of sixty percent of the countrys total energy output. Also the province of Quebec is responsible for the worlds largest production of hydro electrical power  [14]  . We are concerned about our ecosystem. We are concerned about the wildness of that creek, said Yeow, a member of the Slocan River Stream keepers  [15]  . The project planner for this particular hydroelectric power station told the media and the protesters that the river-project is going to be a part of B.C ´s energy future since the demand for energy is far too extensive to consider another energy source. Also that hydropower stations is one of the cleanest ways of providing an area with energy. Is this true? The Scientist, 24 February 2005 by Duncan Graham-Rowe, published an article supporting the fact that hydroelectric power stations does not deserve to be associated with a green image or environmental friendly. These dams should be an example of a renewable energy source that do not need fossil fuels or emit any greenhouse gases. A new researches show though that hydro power stations regularly produces a significant amount of carbon dioxide and methane. The green image of hydro power as a benign alternative to fossil fuels is false, says Eric Duchemin, a consultant for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Everyone thinks hydro is very clean, but this is not the case, he says.  [16]   The reason to these emissions is the carbon that is tied up in plants and the trees gets stored in the reservoir when it is flooded and the plants rot. As it begins to decay the plants on the reservoirs bottom decomposes without oxygen which creates dissolved methane. This gets released into the atmosphere and cause drastic effects. Methane has a twenty-one times stronger effect on global warming than carbon dioxide has  [17]  . The reason why this has not been more spread is because the emission varies from plant to plant; sometimes it is environmental friendly, sometimes it is contributing more to the greenhouse effect than the burning of fossil fuels does. Though if the bad side effects will continue to occur more frequently it will bring consequences for mankind. Hydroelectric power is a renewable source of energy and therefore it will not run out but the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will increase and the long term effects will be drastic. It might be good for the indiv idual businesses when having a stable source to rely on but without our planet intact, it will not matter. Before building a plant the construction leaders will have to look at the development of the plant. How much will have to be put into the area? How developed is it? If no development at all exists than the operation will have to go even further; infrastructure, transportation, waterways, and bridges. Also maintaining water quality, archeological areas and artifacts will cost money  [18]  . It all will cost and the local area will suffer if the economical aspect is not taken care of. An example of this is the hydro power station Akocak HHP, Trabzon, Turkey, that cost approximately $124 million to construct  [19]  . This had drastic effects upon the local area but regional it contributed to Turkeys welfare. Since a hydropower station can have an effect upon the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) it is most likely this were the case of Turkey. To analyze other regions or countries cost of data and input can help the country grow and make the decision if power plant would contribute to the countries well-fare. Obviously though with environmental and local side effects. Globally the trends of energy sources follow the same pattern: when oil prices goes up, the search for other alternative energy sources become attractive. The government sees the hydropower as an efficient energy source and even though the construction of it will be expensive it will pay off in the long run when looking at it from an economical aspect. This whole cycle is important considering globalization, trade and relations to other countries.  [20]   21 The consequences for having hydroelectric power plants have been supported and opposed because of many reasons, among several have been mentioned in the text. It is not just to build a dam but to look at the surrounding as well, because it will have environmental, economic, political and social effects. The agriculture will suffer even though mankind tries to prevent this through technology. Because nature has a power that is greater than humanity and this do the opposing environmentalists and social scientists agree with. But shouldnt we look through the population and business aspect? Population can always be moved and greenhouse gases are not always the case. Infrastructure can be build and trade can be in favor and technology can prevent nature from taking its path. Everything is relative and different depending on which pair of glasses you chose to look through.

Antibacterial Soap Essay -- Critical Thinking Essays

Antibacterial Soap Dial antibacterial soap advertises that it is "over 10x more effective at killing disease-causing germs than ordinary liquid hand soaps"(1). To the average consumer a soap with the ability to kill more germs seems to be more effective. But is a more powerful antibacterial soap always better? Various studies suggest that antibacterial soaps can be harmful and may lead to problems like super bugs, dry skin, and hand eczema. According to current research antibacterial soaps are no better than traditional soaps when it comes to house hold use. Antibacterial cleaning agents have fast become a popular alternative to traditional cleaning products. These soaps, shampoos, dishwashing detergents, and toothpastes are marketed as antibacterial products and have become popular household items. In fact 75% of liquid soaps and 30% of bar soaps on the market are considered antibacterial(2). These antibacterial products are so popular because they are intended to decrease bacteria. They wipe out more germs than regular soap. This means that they should decrease a person's chance of getting sick. As Janet Donohue of www.germsmart.com suggests "they kill germs, thus breaking the cycle of infection"(3). In addition to killing germs some antibacterial products are easier to use than traditional soap and water. For example, there are many hand sanitizers that do not require water. A user simply applies the soap to his hands and the dirt "disappears". These products seem magic, but as we know magic does not exist in science. To fully understand how antibacterial products work one must learn how soap works. Soap consists of an acid and a base(4). The acid known as triglycerides mixes with the base sodium hyd... ...than trying to wipe bacteria out we should work on limiting our exposure to too many harmful bacteria with traditional soaps, shampoos, dish detergents, and toothpaste. Internet Sources: 1)How Stuff Works Site, This site gives answers to simple science questions. http://www.howstuffworks.com/question692.htm 2)Health at OZ site, http://www.healthatoz.com/atoz/healthupdate/alert09192000.html 3)United States Health and Human Services, This is a copy of the report given on antibiotic http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/NEW00736.html 4), Germ Smart site, http://www.germsmart.com/ 5), Doctors Guide, http://www.pslgroup.com/dg/F3d6a.htm 6) Nurse Week Article , http://www.nurseweek.com/features/98-10/soap.html 7) MSNBC Report , Buissness Journal, http://msnbc.msn.com/news/608082.asp?cp1=1 8) Dial Soap Site, http://www.dialsoap.com/

Free College Admissions Essays: Born to Write? :: College Admissions Essays

Born to Write? Two years ago, when I was a junior, I wrote the story "It Came from Catholic School," which I've included in my writing portfolio. My friends, fellow veterans of plaid uniforms and daily masses, liked it and encouraged me to submit it when the school magazine made its annual call for stories. They published the story and asked me to read from it at a reading primarily devoted to student poetry. Well, I was pretty nervous about this. The only readings I'd done before a crowd were Paul's letters to the Ephesians and the occasional Responsorial Psalm-and that wasn't my writing on the line. I grew more nervous as I sat there that night, listening to poem after poem on angst and ennui. I couldn't imagine how the students and faculty around me, who were all listening intently with properly contorted faces, would respond to my grotesque little girl. But I stood up and read a passage, a little shaky at first. Then I heard laughs, where I'd hoped I would, and also in places that surprised me. After the reading, people wanted to shake my hand. One woman thanked me for injecting a little levity into the proceedings. I felt satisfaction in my work as never before. At that reading, I realized I could write things that made people laugh-not just friends who felt obligated, but complete strangers. I really liked that feeling, and it's the promise of that laughter that motivates me to continue writing. I also realized that my work wasn't frivolous, that I could influence a reader, that my characters seemed real. For the first time, I felt that I could do what I really wanted to do-write. I look forward to progressing through a series of intimate workshops en route to a degree at your school. The interdisciplinary nature of the program appeals to me. Although I want to concentrate on Fiction, I would like to take screenwriting electives as well. I think my humor translates well to teleplays, and I would like to explore that avenue through the comedy writing courses your school offers. I aim to develop my natural strengths-humor, voice, and dialogue, while experimenting with the genres. Because I'm generally at the mercy of my characters, I can't outline a specific writing goal.

5 Court Cases :: essays research papers

I. Name and Citation STATE OF FLORIDA, versus SEMINOLE TRIBE OF FLORIDA II. Key Facts In this complaint, the the Tribe was operating "electronic or electromechanical facsimiles of games of chance" and that such operations constituted class III gaming as defined by IGRA. These games were operated despite the absence of a compact between the Tribe and the State regarding the regulation of class III gaming. The State also alleged that the Tribe planned to construct a new facility on its lands in order to conduct additional class III gaming. III. The Issue Does the operation of such games without a Tribal-State compact violate both federal and state law? IV. Holding and Vote No (Opinion by Justice Stevens) V. Reasoning Congress abrogated tribal immunity from state suits that seek declaratory or injunctive relief for alleged tribal violations of IGRA; (2) the Tribe, by electing to engage in gaming under IGRA, waived its immunity from a suit to require compliance with the statutory conditions precedent to class III gaming; and (3) tribal immunity does not necessarily extend to actions seeking prospective equitable relief. Congress may abrogate a sovereign's immunity only by using statutory language that makes its intention unmistakably clear, and that ambiguities in federal laws implicating Indian rights must be resolved in the Indians' favor. The Supreme Court has made it plain that waivers of tribal sovereign immunity cannot be implied on the basis of a tribe's actions, but must be unequivocally expressed. Accordingly, we reject the State's argument that the Tribe's immunity does not necessarily extend to this action for prospective equitable relief. The district court's holding that sovereign immu nity bars the State's suit against the Tribe is affirmed. I. Name and Citation ALDEN et al. v. MAINE II. Key Facts Congress lacks power under Article I to abrogate the States' sovereign immunity in federal court, the Federal District Court dismissed a Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 suit filed by petitioners against their employer, respondent Maine. Subsequently, petitioners filed the same action in state court. Although the FLSA purports to authorize private actions against States in their own courts, the trial court dismissed the suit on the ground of sovereign immunity. III. The Issue Does the federal government have authority under Article I to abrogate a State's immunity in it's own court? IV. Holding and Vote Yes. (vote 5-4) (Opinion by Justice Kennedy) V. Reasoning The Constitution's structure and history and this Court's authoritative interpretations make clear that the States' immunity from suit is a fundamental aspect of the sovereignty they enjoyed before the Constitution's ratification and retain today except as altered by the plan of the Convention or certain constitutional Amendments.

Effects of Gender on Communication Essay

Gender communication gap has long been a problem and source of misunderstanding between men and women. Common situations showed that the more talking of women greatly affect their communication with the opposite sex and expressing themselves create miscommunication and other problems rather than understanding among themselves. In Deborah Tannen’s You Just Don’t Understand: Woman and Men in Conversation however it was made to contrast the typical stereotype that women talk to much than men. It also that does not follow that talking more means saying more with sense. Women may be expressing themselves more but their talking is regarded as speaking in private nature and oftentimes downplayed in terms of significance when compared to men talking publicly. Factors such as the place and the nature of communication also contribute to the turn-out of the whole process between men and women. Tannen reconciled the difference between gender in private and public communication and supported this with the terms â€Å"Rapport-Talk and Report-Talk. † The gender difference in private speaking was showed in a way that a woman is talkative compared to a man who is of few words. This is where the language of rapport takes place wherein women regard every conversation with a personal touch and connection. Although this situation is very evident in the home set-up, the utilization of private communication by women can be extended to other venues where they feel comfortable and at home at all times. Private speaking by a woman may be characterized by discussion of any topic under the sun and it could be either under her official or personal function or could be both. Private communication focuses on the ability of women to express themselves more specially with men whom they are intimate with because talking with the opposite sex is so relaxing that women tend to continue with their flow of thoughts thinking that their men-partners willingly and interestingly understand and accept whatever they are saying. In private communication, women talk to men not only for information, exchange of ideas and opinion but also to establish a closer interaction and have a stronger relationship with their men. This is where consequences start because the more women talk in a private speaking set-up, the more men feel that the communication must end. In turn, women are offended when men start to become indifferent, inattentive and openly disagree. Complaints start to come in when women, with all their heart out and mind speaking sees nothing in exchange of their expression. Communication differences are indicated in cartoons where women openly and again, do much of the talking and complaining. Women in private communication feel that when they speak, men must reciprocate or share with them the same level of expression. For women, to have a rapport is to have a two-way communication where both gender exercise their parts and not just the other one doing much of the talking while the other just listen or worse, not bother at all and just want the talkative women to shut up. However, men caught in private communication oftentimes tend to just leave the flow of communication with the speaking of the women whom they see as the ones with a lot to say specially when the nature of the communication becomes personal. And when women start not only to talk much but to complain more, men resent the pressure and incline to insist that women are just demanding to much from them by wanting to be the center of communication and by presenting herself to be the more affected party. With this scenario, consequences grow because as the women are incline to personalize the conversation, men prefer to detach themselves from the process and unconsciously hurt the feelings and downplay the thoughts of the other gender. And even in the complaining part, women express more of their dissatisfaction than men and this result into misunderstanding. Enter now the blaming of each party because men and women will have to stress their own points and in doing so create more unsettled differences. Tannen’s perspective is true in the sense that gender dictates the flow and communication process in private speaking and when differences set in, the process and the people involved are greatly affected. I also agree with her idea that each gender has its own way of talking and if these different manners met and clash in a private communication set-up where the women do much of the talking, not only the women suffer the consequences but both. Although men and women have the same purpose of expressing themselves in a way acceptable to both of them, consequences and differences are inevitable and can only get worse if the different style of talking is foremost to be considered. While the private communication is the conventional way of speaking between men and women, this scenario is different in a public communication set-up. In this scenario, the gender switch roles as the men do more of the talking while the women fell silent. While men are mute in home scenarios and women tend to dominate the conversations in a private communication, men now start and want to be at the center of the conversation. The change in the setting of the conversation plays a big part in the turn-around of gender roles. Since women dominate the home-style private communication, men now overshadow them when they start to speak more publicly such as in meetings, conferences, official gatherings – all done outside the boundaries of home. Men now speak more freely and with authority and women take a back seat by merely listening and there may even come a time that they will just have to agree with men and be content with their reverse roles. Having a particular subject matter to discuss and not just the personalize topics that men and women talk inside their homes is one factor that affect the communication process in a public speaking set-up. In a public engagement, men as resource persons speak more of what they know with authority and they are now the ones dominating the floor. And just like in the private communication, communication differences occur in a public speaking set-up. A significant consequence is that women are perceive to be uninterested and less knowledgeable when men do much of the talking on a particular topic and they are just at the back seat. Tannen’s term of â€Å"Report-Talk† is very evident in a public communication wherein men play the big role to get attention. Unlike in private communication where women talk much to build stronger connection and relationship with men, public communication reverses this process. However, it may not be agreeable and acceptable that men do the talking in public because they know more and women cannot perform the role. This communication difference result in mislabeling of men as the more knowledgeable in public speaking and that women will just have to be silent. For all we know, women may just have to establish their own credibility and authority to be able to speak and talk more publicly. Establishing their thoughts and making sure of the things that they may say could be what women take first into consideration before engaging in public communication. A contradiction to Tannen’s gender hypothesis in public communication where men were perceived to be better in talking more publicly is evident in a Newsweek news story on US Presidential candidate, former First Lady and now Senator Hillary Clinton. The news story showed how Clinton is getting strength and taking advantage of the presidential race not because of her being the wife of former President Clinton but because of how she can speak well and more of her thoughts publicly. It is evident that Clinton did not limit her speaking ability within the boundaries of her home and with authority, she was able to stress her points and advancement by utilizing on a particular topic such as health care for the Americans. †¦ The New York senator has amassed strong support among crucial groups including female, older, less-educated and lower-income Democrats significant because women and older voters in particular have dominated these primaries and caucuses in the past. (Fram and Tompson, Newsweek) The same news story also showed how a woman can earn support and respect from men not just because of speaking her personal thoughts in a private speaking set-up but because of her willingness to express publicly her causes. Clinton was perceived as a woman who cannot just address domestic concerns but also issues such as Iraq and heath care thus gaining her the much needed support. A journal also claimed that men and women are so different that they comprise strikingly different â€Å"speech communities. † This is because of the fact that they are typically socialized in discrete speech communities. †¦ Numerous studies and reviews of research demonstrate that distinct gender cultures exist and that they differ systematically in some important respects. (Wood, 2000, p. 207) With the issues presented, it may now be clear that gender differences on private and public speakings have great effects on communication in such a way that men and women on the onset have their own and contradicting ways of talking making understanding and complementation of each other thoughts difficult. Notwithstanding the willingness and ability of both gender to comprehend each other, there will still be conflicting issues, concerns, expressions and thoughts to be settled. Efforts to settle gender differences on communication may be a long way to go but it is not impossible to achieve.

Cultural Understanding on the Movie Example “Bend It Like Beckham”

The main aim of this report is to describe, analyze and understand Indian culture and integration Indians with British culture in a connection to movie: â€Å"Bend it like Beckham†. The aim is also to assign every character to stage of intercultural sensitivity and define what kind of cultural development is possible for each of them. Findings: Jess: In my opinion she is on the fifth level of intercultural learning, she adapts to the british culture, she knows it and totally accept it, e. . she can greet in her language, she wears traditional dress during the engagement and the wedding, she knows that she suppose to have Indian husband, that she should not show her legs and the scar in front of the man. She tries to live like â€Å"normal† teenager from Europe, but she respects all the traditions of her family. She has got problem with learning how to cook traditional meals and when she was younger she often ate been on toast, which is common in UK. She likes british culture more, because it gives her more freedom, her idol is Beckham, she loves playing football, she would like to be independent to make her own choices in such easy issues like choosing shoes or outfit for the wedding. She would like to choose if she can play football or not. Her mum does not want her to play but she shows her resistance even though she should not , because in her mum’s opinion, it is spoiled behavior. She does not like to lie and she feels bad with that but she does not tell the truth because she has high respect to the elders. I can predict that in the future, of course if she stay in the UK, she will be totally integrated with the british culture. Mother: She is on the first level of intercultural learning. She does not like british culture, for her it is like pure evil. She does not want her children to integrate with the European culture. When they are complaining and Jess wants to choose the dress by herself for her sister’s wedding or she does not want to learn how to cook, for her mum it is spoiled behavior. She is scared that Jess will start to wear short skirts etc, that is why he does not let her to play football, because in her opinion the integration can go further than it should. She is defending herself but she even has not noticed that she is already connected to the british culture e. g everybody were checking their mobiles during the engagement, which is a part of fast lifestyle in the UK. She just want to protect the good name of family and she creates perfect image of the members, so that her children will have no problems with finding appropriate husband. Chances for further development: second level – because she finally agreed and accepted that her daughter is playing football, so she is not so closed like in the beginning. Father: Jess’ father seems to realize the differences between his own culture and British one but he thinks that this second one have too big bad influence on his doughter, Jess. He is afraid of this. He finds his own culture as better one that is why he tries to defend somehow against the bad influence of the other. Probably, that is why he does not want to accept that his younger doughter plays football. He thinks, it is a man sport and he does not understand how and why Jess can like it. The piority for her should be to find a good husband, be a good wife, who can cook and takes care of house. She should be also well educated. And it should give her happiness. In his opinion, girls or women should not have got such hobbies like playing football. Additionaly, he has got his own, bad experience with sport in the UK. When he was younger, he used to play cricket but his career did not finish very well because of his origin. It was in former times, so now everything has changed, but he is afraid that his doughter can also suffer as he did. Fortunately, his open-minded position and love to his doughter win and he lets her to play. During his older doughter’s wedding he tells Jess to go and play in final game of a tournament if it makes her happy. In the end the gives Jess the permission to play in the American’s proffessional team. He has got an opportunity to go on ‘higher level’ of the intercultural sensitivity (III) or even he has already achived it. Jules: A wonderful Jess’ friend, who from the very beggining have not seen any difficulties in â€Å"contact† with the other culture. Jules plays in a local football team and thanks to her Jess also has started. She encoureged her friend to play and to find solutions how to deal with the culture differences. Jules also has got some problems with her mother, as Jess has. Her mother is afraid that because of doughte’s hobbies she would not find a boyfriend. So it is not so different as in Jess’ home. Thankfully, Jules has got a great father, who totally accepts doughte’s interests. She is on a high adaptation level of the intercultural sensitivity. She does not have to deal with the cultural differences because for her it is just natural. She can see some problems, which are â€Å"normal† for every teenager (boys etc. ), not problems with other habits. In my opinion she does not have to achive other level of the intercultural sensitivity because this,where she already is, it is perfect.

Developing Regionalism

Developing Regionalism 1790 * South produces 3,135 bales of cotton * Scarcely 100,000 white settlers lives in Trans-Appalachia * Great cities such as Chicago and Pittsburgh are still small villages * Land companies start hawking vast areas of New York, Ohio, and Kentucky to prospective settlers * Huge increase in national population start 1793 * Eli Whitney develops cotton gin, designed to strip fibers from the seeds. Speed up laborers’ work and raised value of southern land, opened economic opportunities 1800 Average farm at this time is no more than 100 to 150 acres, due to division of farms* Nearly 20 percent of male taxpayers in southeastern Pennsylvania are single (evidence that young men delayed marriage until they could establish themselves financially. ) * Southern agriculture is in disarray†¦ low prices, land exhausted for its fertility, and the loss of laves during the revolutionary war left Chesapeake economy in shambles * Absentee landlords have engrossed much of present-day West Virginia, Tennessee, and western Carolinas. 1803 * Georgia and South Carolina alone import 20,000 new slaves 1805 Cotton accounts for 30 percent of the nation’s agricultural exports * Human tide appears to grow in trans-Appalachia. 1808 * Slave trade ends 1810* Number of people living in trans-Appalachians grows to 1 million 1820 * South’s cotton output mushrooms to 334,378 bales 1830 * As Northeast’s population and demands grow, the region’s once heavily forested landscape depletes. * Dramatic changes in port cities of Northeast: region contains four cities of more than 50,000 * Cities in trans-Appalachia like Chicago and Pittsburgh hold 30 percent of nation’s population. New York finally establishes safe and adequate water supply with the construction of the Croton Aqueduct. * Indian-White Relations 1790 * Vast areas of trans-Appalachians still controlled by Native American tribes * Federal govt. starts to establish policies that would govern Indian-White relations* Non-intercourse act of 1790: declares that public treaties that were ratified by Congress would be the only legal means of obtaining Indian land. 1793 * Congress appropriates $20,000 to promote literacy, agriculture, and vocational instruction among Indians. 794 * President Washington sends General Anthony Wayne to smash Indian resistance in Northwest. White settlers won against Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Treaty of Grenville is passed, opening the heart of the Old Northwest to white control. 1799 * Iroquois prophet, Handsome Lake begins preaching combination of Indian and white ways: temperance, peace, land retention, and a new religion combining elements of Christianity and traditional Iroquois belief. 1808 * Cherokee National Council adopts a written legal code combining elements of U.S. and Indian Law 1809 * Shawnee leaders Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa start to warn regional tribes about the dangers that would come. They form al liances and established headquarters and Kithtippecanoe. Tecumseh carries his message south to the Creek and Cherokee, seeming very bitter. 1811 * Even though southern tribes refuse to join, more than 1,000 fighting men gather at Kithitippecanoe. 1813 * Red Sticks (fighting Creeks) carries out series of devastating raids and assaulted Fort Mims on the Alabama river, killing 500 men, women, and children. 1814 Climax of Creek War: While American cannon fire rakes the Red Stick’s town of Tohopeka, Cherokee warriors cut off all hope of retreat. More than 800 Native Americans dies afterwards as Andrew Jackson finishes his victory with destroying the rest of the Red Stick towns. 1820 * More than 1,300 black slaves in the Cherokee nation. 1822 * Congress abolishes factory system where Indians would go for fairer treatment 1824 * Tribal law forbids intermarriage with blacks in Cherokee nation. 1827 * Cherokee National Council devises written constitution similar to those of nearby st ates.Council also issues bold declaration that Cherokee were an independent nation with full sovereignty over their lands. 1829 * Cherokee government makes it an offense punishable by death for any member of the tribe to transfer land to white ownership without the consent of tribal authorities. Perfecting a democratic society 1790 * Second Great Awakening starts to sweep across nation. Americans by the tens of thousands sought personal salvation and social belonging in the shared experience of religious revivalism. * Charitable institutions in the nation are only at around 50. Establishment of female academies starts.* 20% of Methodist church members are black 1794 * Bethel African American Methodist Church in Philadelphia is organized by Richard Allen and small group of black Methodists. 1800 * 20 year old slave Gabriel devised a plan to arm 1,000 slaves for an assault on Richmond, VA. 1805 * New York’s Mayor DeWitt Clinton asks state legislature for help 10,000 impoverishe d New Yorkers/ 1814 * Relief agencies assist nearly 1/5 of the city’s population. 1816 * Women and children suffers disproportionately from poverty, outnumbering men. American Colonization Society found: supported colonizing free blacks in western Africa enjoyed widespread support among northern white men and women. 1819* Depression of economy: triggered by financial panic caused by the unsound practices of hundreds of newly chartered state banks 1820 * Depression was lifting, but left behind broken fortunes and shattered dreams * Most blacks in northern cities lived in autonomous households * In New Orleans, free blacks accounted for 46 percent of the black population. 1823 Proslavery mob in Illinois torches state capital and threatens Governor Edward Coles for his efforts to end de facto slavery in the sate 1829 * One of every 10 residents in Cincinnati was black, city leaders announces that they would begin enforcing Ohio’s black laws by requiring black residents to carry certificates certifying their free status. 1830* Rich cultural ad institutional life takes root in the black neighborhoods of American cities. War of 1812 1810 * Election of 1810 brings Congress new members, firmly Jeffersonian in party loyalty but impatient with administration’s foreign policy and demanding tougher measures 1812 Madison declares war against Britain: due to general British arrogance and America’s continuing humiliation * Emotions ran high among Federalist critics and Jeffersonian Republican supporters of the war. Bloody riots emerge in Baltimore. Several people were badly beaten in the streets. 1813 * Oliver Hazard Perry- defeats British fleet on Lake Erie. Marked an impressive American victory in war of 1812 and ends any threat of British invasion from Canada and weakens British-Indian alliance that menaces American interests in the region. 1814 August- British troops torch Capitol in Washington DC* December- Hartford Convention: 5 New England states meet to debate proposals for secession. * Christmas Eve- Treaty of Ghent ends war, British agreed to evacuate western posts, but ignores other outstanding issues. 1815 * Andrew Jackson’s smashing victory against British and New Orleans- Most dramatic American triumph but had little to do with the war’s outcome. * Nation starts to focus energies around internal development- occupying more land, building economy, and reforming American Society Politics in Transition 816 * Madison signs bill creating second Bank of the United States to help stimulate economic expansion and regulate the loose currency-issuing practices of countless state-chartered banks 1820* Henry Clay with National Republicans proposed more tariffs and internal improvements in the American System 1824 * Election of 1824: Adams wins, marks the fall of the Federalist-Jeffersonian party system * Louisa Catherine Adams: launched strong campaign for Adams in the election of 1824, showing women’s increase role in politics.

Deadly Unna Essay

Phillip Gwyne’s novel, â€Å"Deadly Unna? † explores how the main character Gary Black, a white boy from the â€Å"Port† also known as â€Å"Blacky† grows up by not agreeing to racism. Blacky experiences prejudice and friendship from both the aboriginal and white communities. Blacky begins to develop a greater tolerance for aborigines and their culture, and then he further attempts to apply this knowledge to the intolerant and prejudiced town in which he lives. The boy who helps him shift in his opinion of aborigines is a local aborigine named â€Å"Dumby Red†, who lives in the aboriginal missionary â€Å"The Point†. Dumby is of Blacky’s Football team and helps Blacky in various ways to become more tolerant. Throughout the book, Blacky learns many things about friendship. Blacky begins to understand the aborigines and their culture, and he then tries to apply it to the intolerant town in which he lives. Blacky’s first step is when Dumby saved him from being beaten up by Mad Dog, giving Blacky a reason to stop hating Dumby. The only reason why Blacky hated Dumby in the first place was because his friends Dazza and Pickles disliked aboriginals. After Dumby said bye to Blacky after a footy game, his Port friends asked Blacky if they were friends. Blacky replies; â€Å"No way. Not him. I hate his guts. (Ibid, p. 25). This shows it is not that Blacky did not like Dumby, it is just that Dazza and Pickles pressured Blacky to dislike Aboriginals and not to befriend them. Blackys friendship with Dumby later develops into Blacky being accepted and befriending Dumby’s family and relatives. Despite his two Port friends Pickles and Dazza. Blacky stays proud of his new friendship with Dumby. Blacky gradually matures by the end of the year learning a lot about himself from the aborigines and his fellow town. At the start of the book Blacky likes an aborigine named Clarence; Darcy (Blacky’s mate) gives him advice about Clarence and other female aborigines, Darcy states; â€Å"Just a word of advice from an old bugger who’s seen a thing or two in his day. You be careful of these gins (Female aborigines) now, lad. Nice girls, but they’ve all got the clap (Gonorrhea). Every last one of ‘em’. † (Gwynne, 1998, p. 122). Blacky thinks about this for a moment and agrees that Darcy is quite smart so decides to be careful of Clarence. Later in the story Blacky is sitting at the bar and Big Mac, the bar tender starts to tell a racist joke. When he finishes and the entire bar starts laughing, Blacky does not, he has heard and told the joke before and laughed at it, but it did not seem funny now because of his new friendship with Dumby and Clarence. This shows how Blacky has grown and how he has no humour for racisms. Blacky’s thoughts about prejudice in the town are confirmed after the football presentations. When the McRae medal was won by Mark Arks (from the white boys footy team), Blacky could not believe that his town could go this far and be so racist, Dumby had contributed so much to the team all season, he had been the true team player and was the best and everyone in the Port new it, but they continued to say nothing, Blacky then became really angry. Blacky states;â€Å"its bullshit, that’s Dumbys trophy,† (Ibid, p. 133). Blacky realized how racist his town was against the Nungas (Aboriginals). This was the turning point of Blacky’s view of the town. Blacky realized how much the Goonyas (white people) in his town hated the Nungas. Another example of Prejudice is when Blacky told Pickles and Darcy about Dumby’s funeral both of them thought Dumby deserved to die just because he robbed a bar. Pickles states; â€Å"The old man reckons he got what he deserved. † (Ibid, p. 205-206) and Darcy agrees. Blacky saw that his friends were being prejudiced towards Dumby and the whole town is prejudiced towards the aborigines and their culture. Blacky’s thoughts and actions on Prejudice, Friendship and Growing up have developed into a more balanced position by the end of the year. Blacky was an immature little boy laughing at racist jokes but now he has matured into a young man driven by the prejudice in the town and his friendship with Dumby. Blacky shows this in his actions by not attending Cathy’s BBQ or going fishing with his dad and attending Dumby Red’s funeral at the Point with all the Aboriginals. This was a hard decision to make as Cathy would hate him and his father would declare him a gutless wonder for the rest of his life. There was a challenge in this as well as the aborigines might not want him there as he was a Goonya. Clarence states;â€Å"Hey, thanks for coming and all, brudda† (Ibid, p. 29). This shows that even though Blacky wasn’t family he was just as close to Dumby as a friend or brother. Gwyne’s novel, â€Å"Deadly Unna? † explores Blacky’s life and how he has made a priceless friendship with Dumby. Blacky mellows throughout the novel by disagreeing with racism and how prejudiced the town is towards Aboriginals. Blacky experiences many emotions throughout the novel and this culminates when Blacky attends Dumby’s funeral, thus showing his friendship with Dumby, Maturing to make his own decisions and how he is not amused by Prejudice anymore.

Analysis of Animosity and Sexism in Sporting Activities Involving Women

Analysis of Animosity and Sexism in Sporting Activities Involving Women Throughout this paper the issues of women, athletics, stereotyping and opportunities that are/are not available to females in the professional arena of athletics will be explored. Indeed, racism and sexism has traditionally (and continues to be a great extent) steeped in American society, as well as institutions. There have been a number of laws passed regarding this practice, i.e. Affirmative Action being the one more notable, as well as others. Nevertheless, from a legal, social, and political perspective, females are still stereotyped as the weaker sex, and inevitably this mentality continues to impact women in U.S. society, as well as capabilities within other aspects of society. It is my intention to address these variables both individually as well as intertwining units. Within the world of sports, or athletics, we have particularly seen evidence of this within the Olympics. The Olympics is the epitome of sports for all people, male, female, as well as color, and ethnicity from around the world. Title IX was supposed to change the world, and it has: the number of women participating in college sports has jumped up considerable since the law was enacted twenty-five years ago. But the world changes slowly. U.S.A. Today surveyed 303 Division I schools to see where Title IX has taken us in it twenty-five years and found that men still get most of the money. Taken together, the results are like a good new, bad news joke. The good news: the number of female athletes has increased 22% since 1992. The bad: for every one-dollar spent on woman s colleges sports three dollars is spent on men s. Female athletes get just 38% of the scholarship money, 27% of recruiting money and 25% of operating budgets. It is encouraging to see the increases for women but very di scouraging to see that they are not really sharing equally in the money. The money side of the ledger still gets the vast amount of the money, says Patty Viverito, Chairwoman of the NCAA s Committee on Women s Athletics. The newspaper took a detailed look at the issue in late 1995, when it stated numbers for 1994 of the 107 Division I-A school. Since then, the Equity In Athletics Disclosure Act, requires all colleges to report data on men and women s athletics. The Federal law took effect April 1, 1997. To ensure that A college is in compliance with Title IX, The Department of Education office for Civil Rights, uses a three-pronged test to decide. A school is in compliance if it passes a single prong. One prong asks its school to show a history of continuing expansion of women s athletics programs. Another asks if interest and abilities of women athletes have been met. The only measurable prong asks if the percentage of women athletes at a school is substantially proportional to the percentage of women in its undergraduate enrollment. Though the rules do not specify what constitutes substantially proportionality, some out of court settlements suggest coming within five percentage points might be enough. U.S.A. Today found that 28 of the 303 Division I-A schools, only 9% passed the proportionality test. That includes 9 of 108 schools in Division I-A, made up of big time football schools. That is the same number passed in 1995. (Brady and Witosky, p, o4C) Some critics have stated that Title IX has no powers of enforcement. Historically it has taken a lawsuit by female athletes to achieve corrective action. For example, the Black Women In Sports Foundation has received a $50,000 grant form Athletic Footwear Association to conduct a program that will introduce African American girls and women to golf and tennis, and to each other in ten U.S. cities. The program to begin soon will train black women in the elements of sports and mentoring techniques. Then the mentors will be matched with girls who are interested in learning sports. We want to create relationships that will continue as the adult and child learn the sport together, said Gina Sloane Green, President and Executive Director of the Foundation We are not trying to recruit adults who are experienced players. Instead, our adult mentors need only a strong interest in learning the game and a desire to make contributions to a young person s life. The chosen cities chosen for the prog ram are: Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Norfolk, Philadelphia, Salt Lake City, and Washington D.C. The foundation hopes to involve between 100 and 150 mentors and children in each city during the first year. Local coordinators and instructors are being recruited who will conduct a series of clinics. They will be held first for the adults and then for the adults and children together. After that the mentor adult is responsible for registering the child in a local sports program and for providing transportation. We plan to arrange scholarships to local organizations and programs so that the children can continue to play and learn for as long as they want Green said. The Black Women In Sports Foundation was established in 1992 to increase opportunities for African American women in all levels of sports, from participation, to lifetime careers. In 1993, it produced a video, entitled, Amazing Grace, Black Women In Sports, that encourages young women to pursue career opportunities in sports. The Athletic Footwear Association sponsors the video. (Walter, p. A-8) In my opinion there has been an ongoing effort to advance women in sports. Much of this has to do with so-called Civil Rights, or giving U.S. citizens equal opportunities. Civil Rights, Affirmative Action etc., has been the tradition over the past 20 or 30 years, and fortunately for women in sports, it has served as a factor in advancing women in sports. Recently, Timer Incorporated announced that it would debut the first test issue of Sports Illustrated Women/Sports on April 21. The magazine, aimed at women 18-34, will be sent to 450,000 female Sports Illustrated subscribers as well as women selected form a Time Warner database, and 250,000 copies will be sent to newsstands for sale. The first issue will have more than 100 editorial pages and 70 advertising pages. The new magazine was to have publication twice in 1997 with completed frequencies in 1998. It has been said that grumpy old men had their way in the Olympics for generations. However when we look at Atlanta we can see a new leaf turning over. In the Atlanta games there was 36% more women competing then in any other previous Olympics. Most of the recognizable names on the American team were women. Jackie-Joyner-Kersee, Janet Evans, Mia Hamm, Shannon Miller, Gail Devers, Rebecca Lobo, etc. Two new Olympics sports have been added for women this year: soccer, and softball. For the first time U.S.A. basketball put women under professional contract for a year to train an Olympic team rather than gather college all stars at the last minute. In Track and Field, the 5,000 meter run has replaced its 3,000 for women and the triple jump has been added for women, to look more like the men s program. There has been progress, and partly for the right reasons, said Donna Deverona, twice an Olympian and twice gold medallist in swimming in the 1960 . This was a time when female sport champi ons were what she called unique pioneers. Deverona acknowledges that the growth of women team sports in the Olympics is a step in the right direction. She goes on to state The team is formerly the male sandbox, and women need to know that they can be team players, that they can be aggressive, sweat, and work together, and have strategies. Rebecca Lobo, former University of Connecticut basketball superstar, stated My own experience was that women only competed in sports like gymnastics, swimming and diving when I watched the Olympics. I think its wonderful for little girls now to see team sports on TV, too, because a lot more kids play team sports rather than individual sports. Mia Hamm, the world s finest female soccer player, states We tell people we are the U.S. National soccer team and we are going to World Championship s Tournament or something like that and it s Oh, that s nice , But now that we are able to attach the word Olympics to ourselves, they can identify with that. Joa n Benoit Samuleson, champion of the first ever women s Olympic marathon in 1984, states There weren t opportunity s for women in running then, and having three brothers and being very competitive, I did have the skiing. I was going to go that way By the time Samuleson won the marathon gold it was 2474 years after man first ran a marathon (a Greek messenger) and 88 years after a man won the marathon in the first modern Olympics. Samuleson goes on to state The longest race I ran in high school was 800 meters, because they thought that if women ran farther, it could cause bodily injury and they would be unable to bear children, she goes on to say We are making strides year after year and you know, Rome was not built in a day. Since the 14th century men have fought to keep women out of the Olympic games. It would not be until the 6th modern Olympics in 1920 in Antwerp that the United States allowed women to compete. Also, it was not until the last two decades, under the current International Olympic Committee and President Juan Antonio Samanach, that women s participation began to grow significantly. For the 1976 Montreal Olympics, the male to female ratio for athletes was 6 to 1, for the Atlanta games it was 3 to 1. We can see that we are moving in the right direction. The passage of Title IX in 1972, federal legislation that mandates full equality for women s intercollegiate sports, experiences and expectations for girls and women began to change dramatically. Recently female politicians in Germany called on the IOC to bar from the Olympics any nation attempting to forbid female participation, They stated that 35 countries had registered only male athletes for Atlanta. They called this female apartheid which is as damaging as racial apartheid that kept South Africa from participating in the Olympic games for more than 30 years. That protest was targeted at Middle East countries, whose Islamic Fundamentalist frown on female athletic participation because it necessitates what they feel is public immodesty. For instance showing their bare legs while participating in sports. Hassiba Boulermia is a prime example of such prejudice. She was an Algerian middle distant runner who was spat on and stoned while training in her country because of the perceived public immodesty. She kept training anyway and won the Barcelona Olympic 1500 meters and proceeded to shout Algeria ! at the TV cameras and carried the Algerian flag. Boulmerta was able to open a door for other young girls in her country. If the IOC were to boycott such countries from the Olympics other countries will not have a chance to open he door and see the light to let these young women compete. In the long run it would only hurt these women in Middle East countries instead of help them Nevertheless we can see that there are cultural, religious, political, and social imperatives which must be considered. However when it comes to the Olympics, a place of all sports for everyone, these universal imperatives are brought into question. All women should have an equal opportunity to compete. However we are gradually realizing that there is ongoing erosion of stereotypes and prejudices against in the women in the arena of what was traditionally a man s sport. It may take more time but we are definitely moving in the right direction.